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Hash Tables and Application

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1.  Purpose of Hash Tables : maintain a (possibly evolving) set of stuff.

    Supported Operations:

    a)  Insert: add new record

    b)  Delete: delete existing record

    c)  Lookup: check for a particular record

    All operations in O(1) time

 

2.  Application: De-Duplication

    Given: a “stream” of objects. (Linear scan of a huge file or objects arriving in real time)

    Goal: remove duplicates

    Solution: when new object x arrives -­- lookup x in hash table H if not found, Insert x into H

 

3.  Application: The 2-SUM Problem

    Input: unsorted array A of n integers. Target sum t.

    Goal: determine whether or not there are two numbers x,y in A with x + y = t

    Naive Solution: O(n^2) time via exhaustive search

    Better Solution: 1) sort A ( O(nlogn) time) 

                              2) for each x in A, look for t-x in A via binary search (O(nlogn) time) 

    Amazing: 1) insert all elements of A to hash table H (O(n) time) 

                   2) for each x in A, Lookup t-x in H ( O(n) time)

 

4.  High-Level Idea of Implementation:

  Setup: universe U (generally, really big)

  Goal: want to maintain evolving set S subset of U (generally, of reasonable size)

  Solution: 1) pick n = # of “buckets” with n ~ |S| (for simplicity assume |S| doesn’t vary much)

                 2) choose a hash function

                 3) use array A of length n, store x in A[h(x)]

 

5.  Resolving Collisions

   Collision: distinct x, y in U such that h(x) = h(y)

   Solution #1 : (separate) chaining 

            - keep linked list in each bucket

            - ­given a key/object x, perform Insert/Delete/Lookup in the list in A[h(x)]

   Solution #2 : open addressing (only one object per bucket)

            -­ Hash function now specifies probe sequence h1(x),h2(x),.. (keep trying till find open slot)

            -­ Examples : linear probing (look consecutively), double hashing

 

6.  Properties of a “Good” Hash function

  1) Should lead to good performance => i.e., should “spread data out” 

      (gold standard – completely random hashing)

  2) Should be easy to store/ very fast to evaluate.

 

7.  Quick-­and-Dirty Hash Functions:

     Object U --> (hash code) Integers --> (compression function like mod n function) buckets {0, 1, ..., n-1}

     How to choose n = # of buckets:

     a) Choose n to be a prime ( within constant factor of # of objects in table)

     b) Not too close to a power of 2

     c) Not too close to a power of 10

 

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