HttpClient程序包是一个实现了 HTTP 协议的客户端编程工具包,要想熟练的掌握它,必须熟悉 HTTP协议。一个最简单的调用如下:
- import java.io.IOException;
-
import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
-
import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
-
import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
-
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
-
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpUriRequest;
-
import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;
-
-
public class Test {
-
public static void main(String[] args) {
-
-
-
HttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
-
-
- HttpUriRequest request =
-
new HttpGet("http://localhost/index.html");
-
-
- System.out.println(request.getRequestLine());
-
try {
-
- HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(request);
-
-
- System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());
-
} catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
-
- e.printStackTrace();
-
} catch (IOException e) {
-
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
import java.io.IOException;
import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpUriRequest;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 核心应用类
HttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
// HTTP请求
HttpUriRequest request =
new HttpGet("http://localhost/index.html");
// 打印请求信息
System.out.println(request.getRequestLine());
try {
// 发送请求,返回响应
HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(request);
// 打印响应信息
System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());
} catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
// 协议错误
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
// 网络异常
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
如果HTTP服务器正常并且存在相应的服务,则上例会打印出两行结果:
GET http://localhost/index.html HTTP/1.1
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
核心对象httpClient的调用非常直观,其execute方法传入一个request对象,返回一个response对象。使用httpClient发出HTTP请求时,系统可能抛出两种异常,分别是ClientProtocolException和IOException。第一种异常的发生通常是协议错误导致,如在构造HttpGet对象时传入的协议不对(例如不小心将"http"写成"htp"),或者服务器端返回的内容不符合HTTP协议要求等;第二种异常一般是由于网络原因引起的异常,如HTTP服务器未启动等。
从实际应用的角度看,HTTP协议由两大部分组成:HTTP请求和HTTP响应。那么HttpClient程序包是如何实现HTTP客户端应用的呢?实现过程中需要注意哪些问题呢?
HTTP请求
HTTP 1.1由以下几种请求组成:GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE, TRACE and OPTIONS, 程序包中分别用HttpGet, HttpHead, HttpPost, HttpPut, HttpDelete, HttpTrace, and HttpOptions 这几个类创建请求。所有的这些类均实现了HttpUriRequest接口,故可以作为execute的执行参数使用。
所有请求中最常用的是GET与POST两种请求,与创建GET请求的方法相同,可以用如下方法创建一个POST请求:
- HttpUriRequest request = new HttpPost(
-
"http://localhost/index.html");
HttpUriRequest request = new HttpPost(
"http://localhost/index.html");
HTTP请求格式 告诉我们,有两个位置或者说两种方式可以为request提供参数:request-line方式与request-body方式。
request-line
request-line方式是指在请求行上通过URI直接提供参数。
(1)
我们可以在生成request对象时提供带参数的URI,如:
- HttpUriRequest request = new HttpGet(
-
"http://localhost/index.html?param1=value1¶m2=value2");
HttpUriRequest request = new HttpGet(
"http://localhost/index.html?param1=value1¶m2=value2");
(2)
另外,HttpClient程序包为我们提供了URIUtils工具类,可以通过它生成带参数的URI,如:
- URI uri = URIUtils.createURI("http", "localhost", -1, "/index.html",
-
"param1=value1¶m2=value2", null);
-
HttpUriRequest request = new HttpGet(uri);
- System.out.println(request.getURI());
URI uri = URIUtils.createURI("http", "localhost", -1, "/index.html",
"param1=value1¶m2=value2", null);
HttpUriRequest request = new HttpGet(uri);
System.out.println(request.getURI());
上例的打印结果如下:
http://localhost/index.html?param1=value1¶m2=value2
(3)
需要注意的是,如果参数中含有中文,需将参数进行URLEncoding处理,如:
- String param = "param1=" + URLEncoder.encode("中国", "UTF-8") + "¶m2=value2";
-
URI uri = URIUtils.createURI("http", "localhost", 8080,
-
"/sshsky/index.html", param, null);
- System.out.println(uri);
String param = "param1=" + URLEncoder.encode("中国", "UTF-8") + "¶m2=value2";
URI uri = URIUtils.createURI("http", "localhost", 8080,
"/sshsky/index.html", param, null);
System.out.println(uri);
上例的打印结果如下:
http://localhost/index.html?param1=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD¶m2=value2
(4)
对于参数的URLEncoding处理,HttpClient程序包为我们准备了另一个工具类:URLEncodedUtils。通过它,我们可以直观的(但是比较复杂)生成URI,如:
- List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
-
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param1", "中国"));
-
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param2", "value2"));
-
String param = URLEncodedUtils.format(params, "UTF-8");
-
URI uri = URIUtils.createURI("http", "localhost", 8080,
-
"/sshsky/index.html", param, null);
- System.out.println(uri);
List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param1", "中国"));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param2", "value2"));
String param = URLEncodedUtils.format(params, "UTF-8");
URI uri = URIUtils.createURI("http", "localhost", 8080,
"/sshsky/index.html", param, null);
System.out.println(uri);
上例的打印结果如下:
http://localhost/index.html?param1=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD¶m2=value2
request-body
与request-line方式不同,request-body方式是在request-body中提供参数,此方式只能用于POST请求。在HttpClient程序包中有两个类可以完成此项工作,它们分别是UrlEncodedFormEntity类与MultipartEntity类。这两个类均实现了HttpEntity接口。
(1)
使用最多的是UrlEncodedFormEntity类。通过该类创建的对象可以模拟传统的HTML表单传送POST请求中的参数。如下面的表单:
- <form action="http://localhost/index.html" method="POST">
-
<input type="text" name="param1" value="中国"/>
-
<input type="text" name="param2" value="value2"/>
-
<inupt type="submit" value="submit"/>
-
</form>
<form action="http://localhost/index.html" method="POST">
<input type="text" name="param1" value="中国"/>
<input type="text" name="param2" value="value2"/>
<inupt type="submit" value="submit"/>
</form>
我们可以用下面的代码实现:
- List<NameValuePair> formParams = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
-
formParams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param1", "中国"));
-
formParams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param2", "value2"));
-
HttpEntity entity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formParams, "UTF-8");
-
-
HttpPost request = new HttpPost(“http:
- request.setEntity(entity);
List<NameValuePair> formParams = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
formParams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param1", "中国"));
formParams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param2", "value2"));
HttpEntity entity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formParams, "UTF-8");
HttpPost request = new HttpPost(“http://localhost/index.html”);
request.setEntity(entity);
当然,如果想查看HTTP数据格式,可以通过HttpEntity对象的各种方法取得。如:
- List<NameValuePair> formParams = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
-
formParams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param1", "中国"));
-
formParams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param2", "value2"));
-
UrlEncodedFormEntity entity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formParams, "UTF-8");
-
- System.out.println(entity.getContentType());
- System.out.println(entity.getContentLength());
- System.out.println(EntityUtils.getContentCharSet(entity));
- System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(entity));
List<NameValuePair> formParams = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
formParams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param1", "中国"));
formParams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param2", "value2"));
UrlEncodedFormEntity entity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formParams, "UTF-8");
System.out.println(entity.getContentType());
System.out.println(entity.getContentLength());
System.out.println(EntityUtils.getContentCharSet(entity));
System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(entity));
上例的打印结果如下:
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8
39
UTF-8
param1=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD¶m2=value2
(2)
除了传统的application/x-www-form-urlencoded表单,我们另一个经常用到的是上传文件用的表单,这种表单的类型为multipart/form-data。在HttpClient程序扩展包(HttpMime)中专门有一个类与之对应,那就是MultipartEntity类。此类同样实现了HttpEntity接口。如下面的表单:
- <form action="http://localhost/index.html" method="POST"
-
enctype="multipart/form-data">
-
<input type="text" name="param1" value="中国"/>
-
<input type="text" name="param2" value="value2"/>
-
<input type="file" name="param3"/>
-
<inupt type="submit" value="submit"/>
-
</form>
<form action="http://localhost/index.html" method="POST"
enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="text" name="param1" value="中国"/>
<input type="text" name="param2" value="value2"/>
<input type="file" name="param3"/>
<inupt type="submit" value="submit"/>
</form>
我们可以用下面的代码实现:
- MultipartEntity entity = new MultipartEntity();
-
entity.addPart("param1", new StringBody("中国", Charset.forName("UTF-8")));
-
entity.addPart("param2", new StringBody("value2", Charset.forName("UTF-8")));
-
entity.addPart("param3", new FileBody(new File("C:\\1.txt")));
-
-
HttpPost request = new HttpPost(“http:
- request.setEntity(entity);
MultipartEntity entity = new MultipartEntity();
entity.addPart("param1", new StringBody("中国", Charset.forName("UTF-8")));
entity.addPart("param2", new StringBody("value2", Charset.forName("UTF-8")));
entity.addPart("param3", new FileBody(new File("C:\\1.txt")));
HttpPost request = new HttpPost(“http://localhost/index.html”);
request.setEntity(entity);
HTTP响应
HttpClient程序包对于HTTP响应的处理较之HTTP请求来说是简单多了,其过程同样使用了HttpEntity接口。我们可以从HttpEntity对象中取出数据流(InputStream),该数据流就是服务器返回的响应数据。需要注意的是,HttpClient程序包不负责解析数据流中的内容。如:
- HttpUriRequest request = ...;
- HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(request);
-
-
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
-
-
- System.out.println(entity.getContentType());
- System.out.println(entity.getContentLength());
- System.out.println(EntityUtils.getContentCharSet(entity));
-
-
- InputStream stream = entity.getContent();
-
-
-
HttpUriRequest request = ...;
HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(request);
// 从response中取出HttpEntity对象
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
// 查看entity的各种指标
System.out.println(entity.getContentType());
System.out.println(entity.getContentLength());
System.out.println(EntityUtils.getContentCharSet(entity));
// 取出服务器返回的数据流
InputStream stream = entity.getContent();
// 以任意方式操作数据流stream
// 调用方式 略
附注:
本文说明的是HttpClient 4.0.1 ,该程序包(包括依赖的程序包)由以下几个JAR包组成:
commons-logging-1.1.1.jar
commons-codec-1.4.jar
httpcore-4.0.1.jar
httpclient-4.0.1.jar
apache-mime4j-0.6.jar
httpmime-4.0.1.jar
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