软件设计中总是存在着general与special的竞争, 一方面我们希望提出更加general的概念和方法, 在更大的范围上捕获更多的关联, 另外一方面我们又希望在局部使用特殊定制的接口和实现, 提高局部信息利用的效率, 很多时候两者之间是存在一定的冲突的. 从实际操作的过程来看, general这个方向很难控制, 当我们试图提供更多的时候, 最终真正实现的多半只是更多的限制而不是更多的灵活性. 对于不是非常熟悉的领域, 我们很难避免各种意想不到的信息泄露, 最终它们会使得general的设计名存实亡. special的方向相对容易控制一些, 只要保证所有用到的参量都是目前必须的就可以了.
现代数学技术与古典方法的一个鲜明区别在于, 传统方法总是假设信息是完备的, 因而它试图首先建立一个更加通用的模型, 解决一个更为一般性(往往更加复杂)的问题, 然后再以这个通用问题为基础来解决我们的特定问题. 例如为了估计某个随机波动造成的损失, 传统方法将从估计随机分布的密度函数开始, 但是密度估计是统计学中的一个"终极问题"(一旦密度函数已知, 我们就可以求解各阶矩,从而解决各种统计问题), 它需要大量观测数据(信息)才有可能满足渐进估计所需要的数学条件. 而现代方法更加强调问题的特殊性, 强调信息的不完备性, 因而倾向于直接对于给定的问题建模, 因而模型中包含更少的参数, 这样我们才有可能得到更加稳定的解.
在软件设计中我们遇到的最大的问题也是信息不完备的问题, 我们同样需要注意避免把解决一个更为一般的问题作为解决当前问题的一个中间步骤.
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