MapReduce Algorithm - Map-side Join

Writing code to do joins from scratch is fairly involved. Rather than writing MapReduce programs you might consider using a higher level framework such as Pig, Hive or Cascading, in which join operations are a core part of the implementation.

 

Anyway, let's consider how to write a map side join program to illustrate the concept. A map-side join between large inputs works by performing the join before the data reaches the map function. For this to work, though, the input dataset must be devided into the same number of partitions, and it must be sorted by the same key (the join key) in each source. All the records for a particular key must reside in the same partition. This may sound like a strict requirement (and it is). But it actually fits the description of the output of a MapReduce job.

 

A map-side join can be used to join the outputs of several jobs that had the same number of reducers, the same keys, and the output files that are not splittable. 

 

Using a CompositeInputFormat to run a map-side join. Example shown below (from hadoop examples).

/**
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.apache.hadoop.examples;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.*;

import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configured;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.BytesWritable;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.Writable;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.WritableComparable;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.*;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.join.*;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.lib.IdentityMapper;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.lib.IdentityReducer;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.Tool;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.ToolRunner;

/**
 * This is the trivial map/reduce program that does absolutely nothing
 * other than use the framework to fragment and sort the input values.
 *
 * To run: bin/hadoop jar build/hadoop-examples.jar join
 *            [-m <i>maps</i>] [-r <i>reduces</i>]
 *            [-inFormat <i>input format class</i>] 
 *            [-outFormat <i>output format class</i>] 
 *            [-outKey <i>output key class</i>] 
 *            [-outValue <i>output value class</i>] 
 *            [-joinOp &lt;inner|outer|override&gt;]
 *            [<i>in-dir</i>]* <i>in-dir</i> <i>out-dir</i> 
 */
public class Join extends Configured implements Tool {

  static int printUsage() {
    System.out.println("join [-m <maps>] [-r <reduces>] " +
                       "[-inFormat <input format class>] " +
                       "[-outFormat <output format class>] " + 
                       "[-outKey <output key class>] " +
                       "[-outValue <output value class>] " +
                       "[-joinOp <inner|outer|override>] " +
                       "[input]* <input> <output>");
    ToolRunner.printGenericCommandUsage(System.out);
    return -1;
  }

  /**
   * The main driver for sort program.
   * Invoke this method to submit the map/reduce job.
   * @throws IOException When there is communication problems with the 
   *                     job tracker.
   */
  public int run(String[] args) throws Exception {
    JobConf jobConf = new JobConf(getConf(), Sort.class);
    jobConf.setJobName("join");

    jobConf.setMapperClass(IdentityMapper.class);        
    jobConf.setReducerClass(IdentityReducer.class);

    JobClient client = new JobClient(jobConf);
    ClusterStatus cluster = client.getClusterStatus();
    int num_maps = cluster.getTaskTrackers() * 
                   jobConf.getInt("test.sort.maps_per_host", 10);
    int num_reduces = (int) (cluster.getMaxReduceTasks() * 0.9);
    String sort_reduces = jobConf.get("test.sort.reduces_per_host");
    if (sort_reduces != null) {
       num_reduces = cluster.getTaskTrackers() * 
                       Integer.parseInt(sort_reduces);
    }
    Class<? extends InputFormat> inputFormatClass = 
      SequenceFileInputFormat.class;
    Class<? extends OutputFormat> outputFormatClass = 
      SequenceFileOutputFormat.class;
    Class<? extends WritableComparable> outputKeyClass = BytesWritable.class;
    Class<? extends Writable> outputValueClass = TupleWritable.class;
    String op = "inner";
    List<String> otherArgs = new ArrayList<String>();
    for(int i=0; i < args.length; ++i) {
      try {
        if ("-m".equals(args[i])) {
          num_maps = Integer.parseInt(args[++i]);
        } else if ("-r".equals(args[i])) {
          num_reduces = Integer.parseInt(args[++i]);
        } else if ("-inFormat".equals(args[i])) {
          inputFormatClass = 
            Class.forName(args[++i]).asSubclass(InputFormat.class);
        } else if ("-outFormat".equals(args[i])) {
          outputFormatClass = 
            Class.forName(args[++i]).asSubclass(OutputFormat.class);
        } else if ("-outKey".equals(args[i])) {
          outputKeyClass = 
            Class.forName(args[++i]).asSubclass(WritableComparable.class);
        } else if ("-outValue".equals(args[i])) {
          outputValueClass = 
            Class.forName(args[++i]).asSubclass(Writable.class);
        } else if ("-joinOp".equals(args[i])) {
          op = args[++i];
        } else {
          otherArgs.add(args[i]);
        }
      } catch (NumberFormatException except) {
        System.out.println("ERROR: Integer expected instead of " + args[i]);
        return printUsage();
      } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException except) {
        System.out.println("ERROR: Required parameter missing from " +
            args[i-1]);
        return printUsage(); // exits
      }
    }

    // Set user-supplied (possibly default) job configs
    jobConf.setNumMapTasks(num_maps);
    jobConf.setNumReduceTasks(num_reduces);

    if (otherArgs.size() < 2) {
      System.out.println("ERROR: Wrong number of parameters: ");
      return printUsage();
    }

    FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(jobConf, 
      new Path(otherArgs.remove(otherArgs.size() - 1)));
    List<Path> plist = new ArrayList<Path>(otherArgs.size());
    for (String s : otherArgs) {
      plist.add(new Path(s));
    }

    jobConf.setInputFormat(CompositeInputFormat.class);
    jobConf.set("mapred.join.expr", CompositeInputFormat.compose(
          op, inputFormatClass, plist.toArray(new Path[0])));
    jobConf.setOutputFormat(outputFormatClass);

    jobConf.setOutputKeyClass(outputKeyClass);
    jobConf.setOutputValueClass(outputValueClass);

    Date startTime = new Date();
    System.out.println("Job started: " + startTime);
    JobClient.runJob(jobConf);
    Date end_time = new Date();
    System.out.println("Job ended: " + end_time);
    System.out.println("The job took " + 
        (end_time.getTime() - startTime.getTime()) /1000 + " seconds.");
    return 0;
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    int res = ToolRunner.run(new Configuration(), new Join(), args);
    System.exit(res);
  }

}

 

 

Note the code:

jobConf.set("mapred.join.expr", CompositeInputFormat.compose(
          op, inputFormatClass, plist.toArray(new Path[0])));

 The property "mapred.join.expr" is composite format, such as <op>(tbl(<inf>,<p1>),tbl(<inf>,<p2>),...,tbl(<inf>,<pn>)).

 

You can set expression to the mapred.join.expr property and user-supplied join types from mapred.join.define.<ident> types. Paths supplied to tbl are given as input paths to the InputFormat class listed. (Old API). 

public void setFormat(Configuration conf) throws IOException