1. 用UNION替换OR (适用于索引列)
通常情况下, 用UNION替换WHERE子句中的OR将会起到较好的效果。 对索引列使用OR将造成全表扫描。注意, 以上规则只针对多个索引列有效。 如果有column没有被索引, 查询效率可能会因为你没有选择OR而降低。
在下面的例子中, LOC_ID 和REGION上都建有索引。
高效:
SELECT LOC_ID , LOC_DESC , REGION FROM LOCATION WHERE LOC_ID = 10 UNION SELECT LOC_ID , LOC_DESC , REGION FROM LOCATION WHERE REGION = “MELBOURNE”
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低效:
SELECT LOC_ID , LOC_DESC , REGION FROM LOCATION WHERE LOC_ID = 10 OR REGION = “MELBOURNE”
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如果你坚持要用OR, 那就需要返回记录最少的索引列写在最前面。
注意:
WHERE KEY1 = 10 (返回最少记录)
OR KEY2 = 20 (返回最多记录)
ORACLE 内部将以上转换为
WHERE KEY1 = 10 AND((NOT KEY1 = 10) AND KEY2 = 20)
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下面的测试数据仅供参考: (a = 1003 返回一条记录 , b = 1 返回1003条记录)
SQL> select * from unionvsor /*1st test*/ 2 where a = 1003 or b = 1; 1003 rows selected. Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE 1 0 CONCATENATION 2 1 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'UNIONVSOR' 3 2 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'UB' (NON-UNIQUE) 4 1 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'UNIONVSOR' 5 4 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'UA' (NON-UNIQUE) Statistics ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 recursive calls 0 db block gets 144 consistent gets 0 physical reads 0 redo size 63749 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client 7751 bytes received via SQL*Net from client 68 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client 0 sorts (memory) 0 sorts (disk) 1003 rows processed SQL> select * from unionvsor /*2nd test*/ 2 where b = 1 or a = 1003 ; 1003 rows selected. Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE 1 0 CONCATENATION 2 1 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'UNIONVSOR' 3 2 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'UA' (NON-UNIQUE) 4 1 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'UNIONVSOR' 5 4 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'UB' (NON-UNIQUE) Statistics ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 recursive calls 0 db block gets 143 consistent gets 0 physical reads 0 redo size 63749 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client 7751 bytes received via SQL*Net from client 68 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client 0 sorts (memory) 0 sorts (disk) 1003 rows processed SQL> select * from unionvsor /*3rd test*/ 2 where a = 1003 3 union 4 select * from unionvsor 5 where b = 1; 1003 rows selected. Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE 1 0 SORT (UNIQUE) 2 1 UNION-ALL 3 2 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'UNIONVSOR' 4 3 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'UA' (NON-UNIQUE) 5 2 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'UNIONVSOR' 6 5 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'UB' (NON-UNIQUE) Statistics ---------------------------------------------------------- 0 recursive calls 0 db block gets 10 consistent gets 0 physical reads 0 redo size 63735 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client 7751 bytes received via SQL*Net from client 68 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client 1 sorts (memory) 0 sorts (disk) 1003 rows processed
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用UNION的效果可以从consistent gets和 SQL*NET的数据交换量的减少看出
2. 用IN来替换OR
下面的查询可以被更有效率的语句替换:
低效:
SELECT… FROM LOCATION WHERE LOC_ID = 10 OR LOC_ID = 20 OR LOC_ID = 30
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高效:
SELECT… FROM LOCATION WHERE LOC_IN IN (10,20,30);
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:这是一条简单易记的规则,但是实际的执行效果还须检验,在ORACLE8i下,两者的执行路径似乎是相同的。
3.