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发表时间:2008-01-09
在探讨java线程安全前,让我们先简要介绍一下Java语言。 任何语言,如C++,C#,Java,它们都有相通之处,特别是语法,但如果有人问你,Java语言的核心是什么?类库?关键字?语法?似乎都不是。Java语言的核心,也就是Sun始终不愿意开源的东西:Java虚拟机的实现(不过sun公开了其Java虚拟机规范),也就有了BEA的JRockit,IBM的Jikes,Sun的Hotspot。 Java的核心有两点,Java类加载(Java Class Loader)和Java内存管理,它们具体体现在Java类库的以下几个类: java.lang.ClassLoader(java.lang.Class):我们调用的类,包括其接口和超类,import的类是怎么被Java虚拟机载入的?为什么static的字段在servlet容器里面可以一直生存下去(Spring容器中)? java.lang.Thread(java.lang.ThreadLocal):垃圾回收是怎么进行的(垃圾回收线程)?我们的程序是怎么退出的? java.lang.refelect.Proxy(java.lang.refelect.Method):为什么Tomcat、Tapestry、Webwork、Spring等容器和框架可以通过配置文件来调用我们写的类?Servlet规范、JSF规范、EJB规范、JDBC规范究竟是怎么回事?为什么它们几乎都是一些接口,而不是具体类? Servlet线程安全 在Java的server side开发过程中,线程安全(Thread Safe)是一个尤为突出的问题。因为容器,如Servlet、EJB等一般都是多线程运行的。虽然在开发过程中,我们一般不考虑这些问题,但诊断问题(Robust),程序优化(Performance),我们必须深入它们。 什么是线程安全? 引用 Thread-safe describes a program portion or routine that can be called from multiple programming threads without unwanted interaction between the threads。 在Java里,线程安全一般体现在两个方面: 1、多个thread对同一个java实例的访问(read和modify)不会相互干扰,它主要体现在关键字synchronized。如ArrayList和Vector,HashMap和Hashtable(后者每个方法前都有synchronized关键字)。如果你在interator一个List对象时,其它线程remove一个element,问题就出现了。 2、每个线程都有自己的字段,而不会在多个线程之间共享。它主要体现在java.lang.ThreadLocal类,而没有Java关键字支持,如像static、transient那样。 一个普遍的疑问,我们的Servlet中能够像JavaBean那样declare instance或static字段吗?如果不可以?会引发什么问题? 答案是:不可以。我们下面以实例讲解: 首先,我们写一个普通的Servlet,里面有instance字段count: Java代码 public class SimpleServlet extends HttpServlet { // A variable that is NOT thread-safe! private int counter = 0; public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doPost(req, resp); } public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { resp.getWriter().println("<HTML><BODY>"); resp.getWriter().println(this + " ==> "); resp.getWriter().println(Thread.currentThread() + ": <br>"); for (int c = 0; c < 10; c++) { resp.getWriter().println("Counter = " + counter + "<BR>"); try { Thread.sleep((long) Math.random() * 1000); counter++; } catch (InterruptedException exc) { } } resp.getWriter().println("</BODY></HTML>"); } } public class SimpleServlet extends HttpServlet { // A variable that is NOT thread-safe! private int counter = 0; public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doPost(req, resp); } public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { resp.getWriter().println("<HTML><BODY>"); resp.getWriter().println(this + " ==> "); resp.getWriter().println(Thread.currentThread() + ": <br>"); for (int c = 0; c < 10; c++) { resp.getWriter().println("Counter = " + counter + "<BR>"); try { Thread.sleep((long) Math.random() * 1000); counter++; } catch (InterruptedException exc) { } } resp.getWriter().println("</BODY></HTML>"); } } 然后,我们通过一个html页面向该servlet发出三次请求: Java代码 <HTML> <BODY> <TABLE> <TR> <TD><IFRAME src="./SimpleServlet" name="servlet1" height="200%"> </IFRAME></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><IFRAME src="./SimpleServlet" name="servlet2" height="200%"> </IFRAME></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><IFRAME src="./SimpleServlet" name="servlet3" height="200%"> </IFRAME></TD> </TR> </TABLE> </BODY> </HTML> <HTML> <BODY> <TABLE> <TR> <TD><IFRAME src="./SimpleServlet" name="servlet1" height="200%"> </IFRAME></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><IFRAME src="./SimpleServlet" name="servlet2" height="200%"> </IFRAME></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><IFRAME src="./SimpleServlet" name="servlet3" height="200%"> </IFRAME></TD> </TR> </TABLE> </BODY> </HTML> 刷新页面几次后,产生的结果为: com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@11e1bbf ==> Thread[http-8081-Processor23,5,main]: Counter = 60 Counter = 61 Counter = 62 Counter = 65 Counter = 68 Counter = 71 Counter = 74 Counter = 77 Counter = 80 Counter = 83 com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@11e1bbf ==> Thread[http-8081-Processor22,5,main]: Counter = 61 Counter = 63 Counter = 66 Counter = 69 Counter = 72 Counter = 75 Counter = 78 Counter = 81 Counter = 84 Counter = 87 com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@11e1bbf ==> Thread[http-8081-Processor24,5,main]: Counter = 61 Counter = 64 Counter = 67 Counter = 70 Counter = 73 Counter = 76 Counter = 79 Counter = 82 Counter = 85 Counter = 88 我们会发现三点: servlet只产生了一个Servlet对象,因为输出this时,其hashcode都一样, servlet在不同的线程(线程池)中运行,如http-8081-Processor22,http-8081-Processor23 Count被这三个doGet方法共享,并且并行修改。 上面的结果,违反了线程安全的两个方面。 那么,我们怎样保证按照我们期望的结果运行呢?首先,我想保证产生的count都是顺序执行的。 我们将Servlet代码重构如下: Java代码 public class SimpleServlet extends HttpServlet { //A variable that is NOT thread-safe! private int counter = 0; private String mutex = ""; public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doPost(req, resp); } public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { resp.getWriter().println("<HTML><BODY>"); resp.getWriter().println(this + ": <br>"); synchronized (mutex) { for (int c = 0; c < 10; c++) { resp.getWriter().println("Counter = " + counter + "<BR>"); try { Thread.sleep((long) Math.random() * 1000); counter++; } catch (InterruptedException exc) { } } } resp.getWriter().println("</BODY></HTML>"); } } public class SimpleServlet extends HttpServlet { //A variable that is NOT thread-safe! private int counter = 0; private String mutex = ""; public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doPost(req, resp); } public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { resp.getWriter().println("<HTML><BODY>"); resp.getWriter().println(this + ": <br>"); synchronized (mutex) { for (int c = 0; c < 10; c++) { resp.getWriter().println("Counter = " + counter + "<BR>"); try { Thread.sleep((long) Math.random() * 1000); counter++; } catch (InterruptedException exc) { } } } resp.getWriter().println("</BODY></HTML>"); } } 我们的输出结果为: com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@109da93: Counter = 0 Counter = 1 Counter = 2 Counter = 3 Counter = 4 Counter = 5 Counter = 6 Counter = 7 Counter = 8 Counter = 9 com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@109da93: Counter = 10 Counter = 11 Counter = 12 Counter = 13 Counter = 14 Counter = 15 Counter = 16 Counter = 17 Counter = 18 Counter = 19 com.zwchen.servlet.SimpleServlet@109da93: Counter = 20 Counter = 21 Counter = 22 Counter = 23 Counter = 24 Counter = 25 Counter = 26 Counter = 27 Counter = 28 Counter = 29 这符合了我们的要求,输出都是按顺序的,这正式synchronized的含义。 附带说一下,我现在synchronized的是一个字符串变量mutex,不是this对象,这主要是从performance和Scalability考虑。Synchronized用在this对象上,会带来严重的可伸缩性的问题(Scalability),所有的并发请求都要排队! 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