Reading notes for the 20th chapter 'Broadcasting' of unp.

We know that information transmission means through the Ethernet can
divided into unicasting, multicasting, anycasting and
broadcasting. The following table show differen forms of addressing.

|-----------+------+------+---------+-----+----------------+----------------|
| Type      | IPv4 | IPv6 | TCP     | UDP | #IP interfaces | #IP interfaces |
|           |      |      |         |     | identified     | delivered to   |
|-----------+------+------+---------+-----+----------------+----------------|
| Unicast   | .    | .    | .       | .   | One            | one            |
| Anycast   | *    | .    | Not yet | .   | A set          | one in set     |
| Multicast | opt  | .    |         | .   | A set          | All in set     |
| broadcast | .    |      |         | .   | All            | All            |
|-----------+------+------+---------+-----+----------------+----------------|

** The disadvantage of broadcasting

When a computer node A broadcasted information in application level,
it will be tranlated into physical level with use the dest Enet =
ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff to transmit. The all nodes that are in same subnet
with A will recevie the datagram in physical level and translate it to
high level. This means that the all computers in the subnet will
cached the datagram until the high level such as transmission level to
discard if the destination is not match. But in unicasting style, they
will not cache the datagram at all if the destination is not match.

** Race codition

A /race condition/ is usually when multiple processes are accessing
data that is shared among them, but the correct outcome depends on the
execution order of the processes.

Q: when a process is blocked at a function, a signal reaches which
will interrupt the function. After the signal handler function return,
will process return to execute that blocked function?

A: will not.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <unistd.h>

static void do_alarm(int);
/* static had_alarm = 0; */

int main(){
	signal(SIGALRM, do_alarm);
	alarm(1);
	/* for( ; ; ){ */
/*		if(had_alarm == 1)
            break;
*/
		sleep(100);
		
		printf("Hello, world!\n");
		fflush(stdout);
	
	//}
	return 0;
}

static void do_alarm(int signo){
	printf("do alarm \n");
	fflush(stdout); 
/*	had_alarm = 1; */
	return;
}

/*
 * When redirect the output to a file, the
 * string 'do alarm' will partly missing, 
 * why? The reason is that i have not flush
 * the stdout buffer. when added fflush(stdout),
 * it works correctly.
 */

The above program will only exec 1 second which proves the above
conclusion.