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锁定老帖子 主题：跟散仙学shell命令（七）
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发表时间：2014-08-05
本篇主要写关于Linux的文件系统的管理，在使用linux时，我们需要决定我们的系统的存储设备用什么文件系统，安装linux发行版时，会提供一个默认的文件系统，散仙在虚拟机里面安装的系统，一般都是ext4的系统作为默认的系统。
linux提供了一些不同的工具，可以让命令行下操作文件系统更方便，我们可以通过shell命令来轻松的创建新的系统和修改已有的文件系统。 1，创建一个分区来容纳文件系统，使用命令fdisk /dev/sdc 2，创建文件系统sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc 3， 挂载虚拟目录sudo monut -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 /mnt/test 上面的部分，在实际开发中，很少用到，一般会由运维人员给我们做这些底层工作，所以散仙就简单说下 下面重点介绍下，在linux中如何安装软件程序，yum是red hat系列操作系统中的神器，使用它我们很轻松的安装很多软件。 1，找出系统上已经安装的包 命令：yum list installed <pre name="code" class="java">[root@h1 ~]# yum list installed Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Determining fastest mirrors * base: mirrors.yun-idc.com * extras: mirrors.yun-idc.com * updates: mirrors.btte.net base | 3.7 kB 00:00 extras | 3.4 kB 00:00 updates | 3.4 kB 00:00 updates/primary_db | 4.7 MB 00:01 Installed Packages MAKEDEV.x86_64 3.24-6.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 acl.x86_64 2.2.49-6.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 attr.x86_64 2.4.44-7.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 audit.x86_64 2.2-2.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 audit-libs.x86_64 2.2-2.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 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@anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 openssh-clients.x86_64 5.3p1-94.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 openssh-server.x86_64 5.3p1-94.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 openssl.x86_64 1.0.1e-15.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 p11-kit.x86_64 0.18.5-2.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 p11-kit-trust.x86_64 0.18.5-2.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 pam.x86_64 1.1.1-17.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 passwd.x86_64 0.77-4.el6_2.2 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 pciutils-libs.x86_64 3.1.10-2.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 pcre.x86_64 7.8-6.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 perl.x86_64 4:5.10.1-136.el6 @base perl-DBD-MySQL.x86_64 4.013-3.el6 @base perl-DBI.x86_64 1.609-4.el6 @base perl-Error.noarch 1:0.17015-4.el6 @base perl-Git.noarch 1.7.1-3.el6_4.1 @base perl-Module-Pluggable.x86_64 1:3.90-136.el6 @base perl-Pod-Escapes.x86_64 1:1.04-136.el6 @base perl-Pod-Simple.x86_64 1:3.13-136.el6 @base perl-libs.x86_64 4:5.10.1-136.el6 @base perl-version.x86_64 3:0.77-136.el6 @base pinentry.x86_64 0.7.6-6.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 pkgconfig.x86_64 1:0.23-9.1.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 plymouth.x86_64 0.8.3-27.el6.centos @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 plymouth-core-libs.x86_64 0.8.3-27.el6.centos @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 plymouth-scripts.x86_64 0.8.3-27.el6.centos @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 policycoreutils.x86_64 2.0.83-19.39.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 popt.x86_64 1.13-7.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 postfix.x86_64 2:2.6.6-2.2.el6_1 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 procps.x86_64 3.2.8-25.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 psmisc.x86_64 22.6-15.el6_0.1 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 pth.x86_64 2.0.7-9.3.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 pygpgme.x86_64 0.1-18.20090824bzr68.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 python.x86_64 2.6.6-51.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 python-iniparse.noarch 0.3.1-2.1.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 python-libs.x86_64 2.6.6-51.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 python-pycurl.x86_64 7.19.0-8.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 python-urlgrabber.noarch 3.9.1-9.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 readline.x86_64 6.0-4.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 redhat-logos.noarch 60.0.14-12.el6.centos @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 rootfiles.noarch 8.1-6.1.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 rpm.x86_64 4.8.0-37.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 rpm-libs.x86_64 4.8.0-37.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 rpm-python.x86_64 4.8.0-37.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 rsync.x86_64 3.0.6-9.el6_4.1 @base rsyslog.x86_64 5.8.10-8.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 sed.x86_64 4.2.1-10.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 selinux-policy.noarch 3.7.19-231.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 selinux-policy-targeted.noarch 3.7.19-231.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 setup.noarch 2.8.14-20.el6_4.1 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 shadow-utils.x86_64 2:4.1.4.2-13.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 shared-mime-info.x86_64 0.70-4.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 slang.x86_64 2.2.1-1.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 sqlite.x86_64 3.6.20-1.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 sudo.x86_64 1.8.6p3-12.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 system-config-firewall-base.noarch 1.2.27-5.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 sysvinit-tools.x86_64 2.87-5.dsf.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 tar.x86_64 2:1.23-11.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 tcp_wrappers-libs.x86_64 7.6-57.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 tzdata.noarch 2013g-1.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 udev.x86_64 147-2.51.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 upstart.x86_64 0.6.5-12.el6_4.1 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 ustr.x86_64 1.0.4-9.1.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 util-linux-ng.x86_64 2.17.2-12.14.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 vim-common.x86_64 2:7.2.411-1.8.el6 @base vim-enhanced.x86_64 2:7.2.411-1.8.el6 @base vim-minimal.x86_64 2:7.2.411-1.8.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 which.x86_64 2.19-6.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 xfsprogs.x86_64 3.1.1-14.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 xz.x86_64 4.999.9-0.3.beta.20091007git.el6 @base xz-libs.x86_64 4.999.9-0.3.beta.20091007git.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 xz-lzma-compat.x86_64 4.999.9-0.3.beta.20091007git.el6 @base yum.noarch 3.2.29-40.el6.centos @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 yum-metadata-parser.x86_64 1.1.2-16.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 yum-plugin-fastestmirror.noarch 1.1.30-14.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 zlib.x86_64 1.2.3-29.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 [root@h1 ~]# </pre> 2，如果输出的信息太多，我们可以重定向到一个文件中，命令如下： yun list installed >> installed_software.txt 3,查看某个特定软件包的信息使用命令，和验证是否安装： yum list 软件包名 yum list installed 软件包名 <pre name="code" class="java">[root@h1 ~]# yum list mysql Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.yun-idc.com * extras: mirrors.yun-idc.com * updates: mirrors.btte.net Installed Packages mysql.x86_64 5.1.73-3.el6_5 @updates [root@h1 ~]# yum list installed mysql Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.yun-idc.com * extras: mirrors.yun-idc.com * updates: mirrors.btte.net Installed Packages mysql.x86_64 5.1.73-3.el6_5 @updates [root@h1 ~]# </pre> 如果需要找什么软件包提供了系统上的某个文件，yum命令如下： <pre name="code" class="java">[root@h1 ~]# yum provides /etc/yum.conf Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.yun-idc.com * extras: mirrors.yun-idc.com * updates: mirrors.btte.net yum-3.2.29-40.el6.centos.noarch : RPM package installer/updater/manager Repo : base Matched from: Filename : /etc/yum.conf yum-3.2.29-43.el6.centos.noarch : RPM package installer/updater/manager Repo : updates Matched from: Filename : /etc/yum.conf yum-3.2.29-40.el6.centos.noarch : RPM package installer/updater/manager Repo : installed Matched from: Other : Provides-match: /etc/yum.conf [root@h1 ~]# yum provides /etc/passwd Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.yun-idc.com * extras: mirrors.yun-idc.com * updates: mirrors.btte.net setup-2.8.14-20.el6_4.1.noarch : A set of system configuration and setup files Repo : base Matched from: Filename : /etc/passwd setup-2.8.14-20.el6_4.1.noarch : A set of system configuration and setup files Repo : installed Matched from: Other : Provides-match: /etc/passwd [root@h1 ~]# yum provides /var/ Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.yun-idc.com * extras: mirrors.yun-idc.com * updates: mirrors.btte.net base/filelists_db | 5.9 MB 01:23 extras/filelists_db | 11 kB 00:00 updates/filelists_db | 2.7 MB 00:01 filesystem-2.4.30-3.el6.x86_64 : The basic directory layout for a Linux system Repo : base Matched from: Filename : /var/ filesystem-2.4.30-3.el6.x86_64 : The basic directory layout for a Linux system Repo : installed Matched from: Other : Provides-match: /var/ [root@h1 ~]# </pre> yum安装软件命令 yum install 软件包名(支持通配) <pre name="code" class="java">[root@h1 ~]# yum install wget Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.yun-idc.com * extras: mirrors.yun-idc.com * updates: mirrors.btte.net Setting up Install Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package wget.x86_64 0:1.12-1.11.el6_5 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================================================================================================ Installing: wget x86_64 1.12-1.11.el6_5 updates 483 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================================================================================================================ Install 1 Package(s) Total download size: 483 k Installed size: 1.8 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: wget-1.12-1.11.el6_5.x86_64.rpm | 483 kB 00:00 Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : wget-1.12-1.11.el6_5.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : wget-1.12-1.11.el6_5.x86_64 1/1 Installed: wget.x86_64 0:1.12-1.11.el6_5 Complete! [root@h1 ~]# </pre> 使用yum手动安装rpm文件包，yum命令如下： yum localinstall 软件包名.rpm即可 yum更新软件： 1，查看所有需要更新的内容 命令：yum list updates <pre name="code" class="java">[root@h1 ~]# yum list updates Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.yun-idc.com * extras: mirrors.yun-idc.com * updates: mirrors.btte.net Updated Packages audit.x86_64 2.2-4.el6_5 updates audit-libs.x86_64 2.2-4.el6_5 updates ca-certificates.noarch 2014.1.98-65.0.el6_5 updates centos-release.x86_64 6-5.el6.centos.11.2 updates coreutils.x86_64 8.4-31.el6_5.2 updates coreutils-libs.x86_64 8.4-31.el6_5.2 updates curl.x86_64 7.19.7-37.el6_5.3 updates device-mapper-multipath.x86_64 0.4.9-72.el6_5.3 updates device-mapper-multipath-libs.x86_64 0.4.9-72.el6_5.3 updates device-mapper-persistent-data.x86_64 0.2.8-4.el6_5 updates dracut.noarch 004-336.el6_5.2 updates dracut-kernel.noarch 004-336.el6_5.2 updates e2fsprogs.x86_64 1.41.12-18.el6_5.1 updates e2fsprogs-libs.x86_64 1.41.12-18.el6_5.1 updates ethtool.x86_64 2:3.5-1.4.el6_5 updates glib2.x86_64 2.26.1-7.el6_5 updates glibc.x86_64 2.12-1.132.el6_5.2 updates glibc-common.x86_64 2.12-1.132.el6_5.2 updates grep.x86_64 2.6.3-4.el6_5.1 updates grub.x86_64 1:0.97-84.el6_5 updates initscripts.x86_64 9.03.40-2.el6.centos.3 updates iproute.x86_64 2.6.32-32.el6_5 updates kernel.x86_64 2.6.32-431.23.3.el6 updates kernel-firmware.noarch 2.6.32-431.23.3.el6 updates kpartx.x86_64 0.4.9-72.el6_5.3 updates krb5-libs.x86_64 1.10.3-15.el6_5.1 updates libblkid.x86_64 2.17.2-12.14.el6_5 updates libcom_err.x86_64 1.41.12-18.el6_5.1 updates libcurl.x86_64 7.19.7-37.el6_5.3 updates libss.x86_64 1.41.12-18.el6_5.1 updates libtasn1.x86_64 2.3-6.el6_5 updates libuuid.x86_64 2.17.2-12.14.el6_5 updates libxml2.x86_64 2.7.6-14.el6_5.2 updates mdadm.x86_64 3.2.6-7.el6_5.2 updates nspr.x86_64 4.10.6-1.el6_5 updates nss.x86_64 3.16.1-4.el6_5 updates nss-softokn.x86_64 3.14.3-10.el6_5 updates nss-softokn-freebl.x86_64 3.14.3-10.el6_5 updates nss-sysinit.x86_64 3.16.1-4.el6_5 updates nss-tools.x86_64 3.16.1-4.el6_5 updates nss-util.x86_64 3.16.1-1.el6_5 updates openldap.x86_64 2.4.23-34.el6_5.1 updates openssl.x86_64 1.0.1e-16.el6_5.14 updates p11-kit.x86_64 0.18.5-2.el6_5.2 updates p11-kit-trust.x86_64 0.18.5-2.el6_5.2 updates postfix.x86_64 2:2.6.6-6.el6_5 updates psmisc.x86_64 22.6-19.el6_5 updates python.x86_64 2.6.6-52.el6 updates python-libs.x86_64 2.6.6-52.el6 updates selinux-policy.noarch 3.7.19-231.el6_5.3 updates selinux-policy-targeted.noarch 3.7.19-231.el6_5.3 updates tzdata.noarch 2014e-1.el6 updates upstart.x86_64 0.6.5-13.el6_5.3 updates util-linux-ng.x86_64 2.17.2-12.14.el6_5 updates yum.noarch 3.2.29-43.el6.centos updates yum-plugin-fastestmirror.noarch 1.1.30-17.el6_5 updates [root@h1 ~]# </pre> 如果你发现某个软件包需要更新，执行命令： yum update 软件包名 更新所有的命令 yum update yum卸载软件，命令如下： yum remove 软件包名 要删除软件和它所有的文件命令： yum erase 软件包名 如果包的依赖关系损坏了，先执行yum clean all，然后执行 yum update ，如果还不行，可以试试下面的这个命令： yum deplist 软件包名 查看依赖关系后，我们就可以安装它依赖的关系。 查看我的yum的仓库命令： yum repolist <pre name="code" class="java">[root@h1 ~]# yum repolist Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.yun-idc.com * extras: mirrors.yun-idc.com * updates: mirrors.btte.net repo id repo name status base CentOS-6 - Base 6,367 extras CentOS-6 - Extras 14 updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,251 repolist: 7,632</pre> 声明：ITeye文章版权属于作者，受法律保护。没有作者书面许可不得转载。
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