nginx搭建负载均衡服务器

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linux

　前言：本文是我撰写的关于搭建“Nginx + PHP（FastCGI）”Web服务器的第6篇文章。本系列文章作为国内最早详细介绍 Nginx + PHP 安装、配置、使用的资料之一，为推动 Nginx 在国内的发展产生了积极的作用。本文可能不断更新小版本，请记住原文链接“http://blog.s135.com/nginx_php_v6/”，获取最新内容。第6篇文章主要介绍了Nginx 0.8.x新的平滑重启方式，将PHP升级到了5.2.14，修正了PEAR问题。另将MySQL 5.1.x升级到了5.5.x系列，配置文件变更较大。

　　链接：《2007年9月的第1版》、《2007年12月的第2版》、《2008年6月的第3版》、《2008年8月的第4版》、《2009年5月的第5版》

　　

　　Nginx ("engine x") 是一个高性能的 HTTP 和反向代理服务器，也是一个 IMAP/POP3/SMTP 代理服务器。 Nginx 是由 Igor Sysoev 为俄罗斯访问量第二的 Rambler.ru 站点开发的，它已经在该站点运行超过三年了。Igor 将源代码以类BSD许可证的形式发布。

　　Nginx 超越 Apache 的高性能和稳定性，使得国内使用 Nginx 作为 Web 服务器的网站也越来越多，其中包括新浪博客、新浪播客、网易新闻、腾讯网、搜狐博客等门户网站频道，六间房、56.com等视频分享网站，Discuz!官方论坛、水木社区等知名论坛，盛大在线、金山逍遥网等网络游戏网站，豆瓣、人人网、YUPOO相册、金山爱词霸、迅雷在线等新兴Web 2.0网站。

　　Nginx 的官方中文维基：http://wiki.nginx.org/NginxChs

　　在高并发连接的情况下，Nginx是Apache服务器不错的替代品。Nginx同时也可以作为7层负载均衡服务器来使用。根据我的测试结果，Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 可以承受3万以上的并发连接数，相当于同等环境下Apache的10倍。

　　根据我的经验，4GB内存的服务器+Apache（prefork模式）一般只能处理3000个并发连接，因为它们将占用3GB以上的内存，还得为系统预留1GB的内存。我曾经就有两台Apache服务器，因为在配置文件中设置的MaxClients为4000，当Apache并发连接数达到3800时，导致服务器内存和Swap空间用满而崩溃。

　　而这台 Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 服务器在3万并发连接下，开启的10个Nginx进程消耗150M内存（15M*10=150M），开启的64个php-cgi进程消耗1280M内存（20M*64=1280M），加上系统自身消耗的内存，总共消耗不到2GB内存。如果服务器内存较小，完全可以只开启25个php-cgi进程，这样php-cgi消耗的总内存数才500M。

　　在3万并发连接下，访问Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 服务器的PHP程序，仍然速度飞快。下图为Nginx的状态监控页面，显示的活动连接数为28457（关于Nginx的监控页配置，会在本文接下来所给出的Nginx配置文件中写明）：

　　

　　我生产环境下的两台Nginx + PHP5（FastCGI）服务器，跑多个一般复杂的纯PHP动态程序，单台Nginx + PHP5（FastCGI）服务器跑PHP动态程序的处理能力已经超过“700次请求/秒”，相当于每天可以承受6000万（700*60*60*24=60480000）的访问量（更多信息见此），而服务器的系统负载也不高：

　　

　　2009年9月3日下午2：30，金山游戏《剑侠情缘网络版叁》临时维护1小时（http://kefu.xoyo.com/gonggao/jx3/2009-09-03/750438.shtml），大量玩家上官网，论坛、评论、客服等动态应用Nginx服务器集群，每台服务器的Nginx活动连接数达到2.8万，这是笔者遇到的Nginx生产环境最高并发值。

　　

　　下面是用100个并发连接分别去压生产环境中同一负载均衡器VIP下、提供相同服务的两台服务器，一台为Nginx，另一台为Apache，Nginx每秒处理的请求数是Apache的两倍多，Nginx服务器的系统负载、CPU使用率远低于Apache：

　　你可以将连接数开到10000～30000，去压Nginx和Apache上的phpinfo.php，这是用浏览器访问Nginx上的phpinfo.php一切正常，而访问Apache服务器的phpinfo.php，则是该页无法显示。4G内存的服务器，即使再优化，Apache也很难在“webbench -c 30000 -t 60http://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/phpinfo.php”的压力情况下正常访问，而调整参数优化后的Nginx可以。

　　webbench 下载地址：http://blog.s135.com/post/288/

　　注意：webbench 做压力测试时，该软件自身也会消耗CPU和内存资源，为了测试准确，请将 webbench 安装在别的服务器上。

　　测试结果：##### Nginx + PHP #####

引用

[root@localhost webbench-1.5]# webbench -c 100 -t 30 http://192.168.1.21/phpinfo.php
Webbench - Simple Web Benchmark 1.5
Copyright (c) Radim Kolar 1997-2004, GPL Open Source Software.

Benchmarking: GET http://192.168.1.21/phpinfo.php
100 clients, running 30 sec.

Speed=102450 pages/min, 16490596 bytes/sec.
Requests: 51225 susceed, 0 failed.

top - 14:06:13 up 27 days,  2:25,  2 users,  load average: 14.57, 9.89, 6.51
Tasks: 287 total,   4 running, 283 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
Cpu(s): 49.9% us,  6.7% sy,  0.0% ni, 41.4% id,  1.1% wa,  0.1% hi,  0.8% si
Mem:   6230016k total,  2959468k used,  3270548k free,   635992k buffers
Swap:  2031608k total,     3696k used,  2027912k free,  1231444k cached

　　测试结果：##### Apache + PHP #####

引用

[root@localhost webbench-1.5]# webbench -c 100 -t 30 http://192.168.1.27/phpinfo.php
Webbench - Simple Web Benchmark 1.5
Copyright (c) Radim Kolar 1997-2004, GPL Open Source Software.

Benchmarking: GET http://192.168.1.27/phpinfo.php
100 clients, running 30 sec.

Speed=42184 pages/min, 31512914 bytes/sec.
Requests: 21092 susceed, 0 failed.

top - 14:06:20 up 27 days,  2:13,  2 users,  load average: 62.15, 26.36, 13.42
Tasks: 318 total,   7 running, 310 sleeping,   0 stopped,   1 zombie
Cpu(s): 80.4% us, 10.6% sy,  0.0% ni,  7.9% id,  0.1% wa,  0.1% hi,  0.9% si
Mem:   6230016k total,  3075948k used,  3154068k free,   379896k buffers
Swap:  2031608k total,    12592k used,  2019016k free,  1117868k cached

　　为什么Nginx的性能要比Apache高得多？这得益于Nginx使用了最新的epoll（Linux 2.6内核）和kqueue（freebsd）网络I/O模型，而Apache则使用的是传统的select模型。目前Linux下能够承受高并发访问的Squid、Memcached都采用的是epoll网络I/O模型。

　　处理大量的连接的读写，Apache所采用的select网络I/O模型非常低效。下面用一个比喻来解析Apache采用的select模型和Nginx采用的epoll模型进行之间的区别：

　　假设你在大学读书，住的宿舍楼有很多间房间，你的朋友要来找你。select版宿管大妈就会带着你的朋友挨个房间去找，直到找到你为止。而epoll版宿管大妈会先记下每位同学的房间号，你的朋友来时，只需告诉你的朋友你住在哪个房间即可，不用亲自带着你的朋友满大楼找人。如果来了10000个人，都要找自己住这栋楼的同学时，select版和epoll版宿管大妈，谁的效率更高，不言自明。同理，在高并发服务器中，轮询I/O是最耗时间的操作之一，select和epoll的性能谁的性能更高，同样十分明了。

　　安装步骤：
　　（系统要求：Linux 2.6+ 内核，本文中的Linux操作系统为CentOS 5.3，另在RedHat AS4上也安装成功）

　　一、获取相关开源程序：
　　1、【适用CentOS操作系统】利用CentOS Linux系统自带的yum命令安装、升级所需的程序库（RedHat等其他Linux发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的RPM包，进行安装）：

sudo -s
LANG=C
yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel freetype freetype-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel zlib zlib-devel glibc glibc-devel glib2 glib2-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel ncurses ncurses-devel curl curl-devel e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel krb5 krb5-devel libidn libidn-devel openssl openssl-devel openldap openldap-devel nss_ldap openldap-clients openldap-servers

　　2、【适用RedHat操作系统】RedHat等其他Linux发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的RPM包（事先可通过类似“rpm -qa | grep libjpeg”的命令查看所需的RPM包是否存在，通常是“xxx-devel”不存在，需要安装）。RedHat可以直接利用CentOS的RPM包安装，以下是RPM包下载网址：
　　①、RedHat AS4 & CentOS 4
　　http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/i386/CentOS/RPMS/
　　http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/x86_64/CentOS/RPMS/

　　②、RedHat AS5 & CentOS 5
　　http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/i386/CentOS/
　　http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/x86_64/CentOS/

　　③、RPM包搜索网站
　　http://rpm.pbone.net/
　　http://www.rpmfind.net/

　　④、RedHat AS4 系统环境，通常情况下缺少的支持包安装：
　　Ⅰ、i386 系统

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm

　　Ⅱ、x86_64 系统

wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm

　　3、【适用CentOS、RedHat及其它Linux操作系统】下载程序源码包：
　　本文中提到的所有开源软件为截止到2010年07月26日的最新稳定版。
　　①、从软件的官方网站下载：

mkdir -p /data0/software
cd /data0/software
wget http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz
wget http://www.php.net/get/php-5.2.14.tar.gz/from/this/mirror
wget http://php-fpm.org/downloads/php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz
wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.5/mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz/from/http://mysql.he.net/
wget http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/libiconv/libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz
wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz?modtime=1171868460&big_mirror=0"
wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz?modtime=1194463373&big_mirror=0"
wget http://pecl.php.net/get/memcache-2.2.5.tgz
wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz?modtime=1175740843&big_mirror=0"
wget ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-8.10.tar.gz
wget http://bart.eaccelerator.net/source/0.9.6.1/eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2
wget http://pecl.php.net/get/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/ImageMagick.tar.gz
wget http://pecl.php.net/get/imagick-2.3.0.tgz

　　②、从blog.s135.com下载（比较稳定，只允许在本站，或者在Linux/Unix下通过Wget、Curl等命令下载以下软件）：

　　二、安装PHP 5.2.14（FastCGI模式）
　　1、编译安装PHP 5.2.14所需的支持库：

tar zxvf libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz
cd libiconv-1.13.1/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local
make
make install
cd ../

tar zxvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz
cd libmcrypt-2.5.8/
./configure
make
make install
/sbin/ldconfig
cd libltdl/
./configure --enable-ltdl-install
make
make install
cd ../../

tar zxvf mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz
cd mhash-0.9.9.9/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../

ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.la /usr/lib/libmcrypt.la
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.a /usr/lib/libmhash.a
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.la /usr/lib/libmhash.la
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so /usr/lib/libmhash.so
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1
ln -s /usr/local/bin/libmcrypt-config /usr/bin/libmcrypt-config

tar zxvf mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz
cd mcrypt-2.6.8/
/sbin/ldconfig
./configure
make
make install
cd ../

　　2、编译安装MySQL 5.5.3-m3

/usr/sbin/groupadd mysql
/usr/sbin/useradd -g mysql mysql
tar zxvf mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz
cd mysql-5.5.3-m3/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ --enable-assembler --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --with-big-tables --with-readline --with-ssl --with-embedded-server --enable-local-infile --with-plugins=partition,innobase,myisammrg
make && make install
chmod +w /usr/local/webserver/mysql
chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/webserver/mysql
cd ../

　　附：以下为附加步骤，如果你想在这台服务器上运行MySQL数据库，则执行以下几步。如果你只是希望让PHP支持MySQL扩展库，能够连接其他服务器上的MySQL数据库，那么，以下两步无需执行。

　　①、创建MySQL数据库存放目录

mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/data/
mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/binlog/
mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/
chown -R mysql:mysql /data0/mysql/

　　②、以mysql用户帐号的身份建立数据表：

/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --basedir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --datadir=/data0/mysql/3306/data --user=mysql

　　③、创建my.cnf配置文件：

vi /data0/mysql/3306/my.cnf

　　输入以下内容：

引用

[client]
character-set-server = utf8
port    = 3306
socket  = /tmp/mysql.sock

[mysqld]
character-set-server = utf8
replicate-ignore-db = mysql
replicate-ignore-db = test
replicate-ignore-db = information_schema
user    = mysql
port    = 3306
socket  = /tmp/mysql.sock
basedir = /usr/local/webserver/mysql
datadir = /data0/mysql/3306/data
log-error = /data0/mysql/3306/mysql_error.log
pid-file = /data0/mysql/3306/mysql.pid
open_files_limit    = 10240
back_log = 600
max_connections = 5000
max_connect_errors = 6000
table_cache = 614
external-locking = FALSE
max_allowed_packet = 32M
sort_buffer_size = 1M
join_buffer_size = 1M
thread_cache_size = 300
#thread_concurrency = 8
query_cache_size = 512M
query_cache_limit = 2M
query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k
default-storage-engine = MyISAM
thread_stack = 192K
transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
tmp_table_size = 246M
max_heap_table_size = 246M
long_query_time = 3
log-slave-updates
log-bin = /data0/mysql/3306/binlog/binlog
binlog_cache_size = 4M
binlog_format = MIXED
max_binlog_cache_size = 8M
max_binlog_size = 1G
relay-log-index = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog
relay-log-info-file = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog
relay-log = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog
expire_logs_days = 30
key_buffer_size = 256M
read_buffer_size = 1M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 16M
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 64M
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M
myisam_max_sort_file_size = 10G
myisam_repair_threads = 1
myisam_recover

interactive_timeout = 120
wait_timeout = 120

skip-name-resolve
#master-connect-retry = 10
slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062,126,1114,1146,1048,1396

#master-host     =   192.168.1.2
#master-user     =   username
#master-password =   password
#master-port     =  3306

server-id = 1

innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 16M
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 512M
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:256M:autoextend
innodb_file_io_threads = 4
innodb_thread_concurrency = 8
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M
innodb_log_file_size = 128M
innodb_log_files_in_group = 3
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120
innodb_file_per_table = 0

#log-slow-queries = /data0/mysql/3306/slow.log
#long_query_time = 10

[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 32M

　　④、创建管理MySQL数据库的shell脚本：

vi /data0/mysql/3306/mysql

　　输入以下内容（这里的用户名admin和密码12345678接下来的步骤会创建）：

#!/bin/sh

mysql_port=3306
mysql_username="admin"
mysql_password="12345678"

function_start_mysql()
{
    printf "Starting MySQL...\n"
    /bin/sh /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/data0/mysql/${mysql_port}/my.cnf 2>&1 > /dev/null &
}

function_stop_mysql()
{
    printf "Stoping MySQL...\n"
    /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u ${mysql_username} -p${mysql_password} -S /tmp/mysql.sock shutdown
}

function_restart_mysql()
{
    printf "Restarting MySQL...\n"
    function_stop_mysql
    sleep 5
    function_start_mysql
}

function_kill_mysql()
{
    kill -9 $(ps -ef | grep 'bin/mysqld_safe' | grep ${mysql_port} | awk '{printf $2}')
    kill -9 $(ps -ef | grep 'libexec/mysqld' | grep ${mysql_port} | awk '{printf $2}')
}

if [ "$1" = "start" ]; then
    function_start_mysql
elif [ "$1" = "stop" ]; then
    function_stop_mysql
elif [ "$1" = "restart" ]; then
function_restart_mysql
elif [ "$1" = "kill" ]; then
function_kill_mysql
else
    printf "Usage: /data0/mysql/${mysql_port}/mysql {start|stop|restart|kill}\n"
fi

　　⑤、赋予shell脚本可执行权限：

chmod +x /data0/mysql/3306/mysql

　　⑥、启动MySQL：

/data0/mysql/3306/mysql start

　　⑦、通过命令行登录管理MySQL服务器（提示输入密码时直接回车）：

/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql -u root -p -S /tmp/mysql.sock

　　⑧、输入以下SQL语句，创建一个具有root权限的用户（admin）和密码（12345678）：

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'admin'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '12345678';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'admin'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY '12345678';

　　⑨、（可选）停止MySQL：

/data0/mysql/3306/mysql stop

　　3、编译安装PHP（FastCGI模式）

tar zxvf php-5.2.14.tar.gz
gzip -cd php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz | patch -d php-5.2.14 -p1
cd php-5.2.14/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/php --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/webserver/php/etc --with-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --with-mysqli=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-iconv-dir=/usr/local --with-freetype-dir --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib --with-libxml-dir=/usr --enable-xml --disable-rpath --enable-discard-path --enable-safe-mode --enable-bcmath --enable-shmop --enable-sysvsem --enable-inline-optimization --with-curl --with-curlwrappers --enable-mbregex --enable-fastcgi --enable-fpm --enable-force-cgi-redirect --enable-mbstring --with-mcrypt --with-gd --enable-gd-native-ttf --with-openssl --with-mhash --enable-pcntl --enable-sockets --with-ldap --with-ldap-sasl --with-xmlrpc --enable-zip --enable-soap
make ZEND_EXTRA_LIBS='-liconv'
make install
cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
cd ../

　　4、编译安装PHP5扩展模块

tar zxvf memcache-2.2.5.tgz
cd memcache-2.2.5/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../

tar jxvf eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2
cd eaccelerator-0.9.6.1/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --enable-eaccelerator=shared --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../

tar zxvf PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
cd PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config --with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql
make
make install
cd ../

(下面这不可能会出错要先安装 yum -y install perl-CPAN)
tar zxvf ImageMagick.tar.gz
cd ImageMagick-6.5.1-2/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../

tar zxvf imagick-2.3.0.tgz
cd imagick-2.3.0/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../

　　5、修改php.ini文件
　　手工修改：查找/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini中的extension_dir = "./"
　　修改为extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"
　　并在此行后增加以下几行，然后保存：
　　extension = "memcache.so"
　　extension = "pdo_mysql.so"
　　extension = "imagick.so"

　　再查找output_buffering = Off
　　修改为output_buffering = On

　　再查找; cgi.fix_pathinfo=0
　　修改为cgi.fix_pathinfo=0，防止Nginx文件类型错误解析漏洞。

　　自动修改：若嫌手工修改麻烦，可执行以下shell命令，自动完成对php.ini文件的修改：

sed -i 's#extension_dir = "./"#extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"\nextension = "memcache.so"\nextension = "pdo_mysql.so"\nextension = "imagick.so"\n#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
sed -i 's#output_buffering = Off#output_buffering = On#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
sed -i "s#; always_populate_raw_post_data = On#always_populate_raw_post_data = On#g" /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
sed -i "s#; cgi.fix_pathinfo=0#cgi.fix_pathinfo=0#g" /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini

　　6、配置eAccelerator加速PHP：

mkdir -p /usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini

　　按shift+g键跳到配置文件的最末尾，加上以下配置信息：

引用

[eaccelerator]
zend_extension="/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/eaccelerator.so"
eaccelerator.shm_size="64"
eaccelerator.cache_dir="/usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache"
eaccelerator.enable="1"
eaccelerator.optimizer="1"
eaccelerator.check_mtime="1"
eaccelerator.debug="0"
eaccelerator.filter=""
eaccelerator.shm_max="0"
eaccelerator.shm_ttl="3600"
eaccelerator.shm_prune_period="3600"
eaccelerator.shm_only="0"
eaccelerator.compress="1"
eaccelerator.compress_level="9"

　　7、创建www用户和组，以及供blog.s135.com和www.s135.com两个虚拟主机使用的目录：

/usr/sbin/groupadd www
/usr/sbin/useradd -g www www
mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/blog
chmod +w /data0/htdocs/blog
chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/blog
mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/www
chmod +w /data0/htdocs/www
chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/www

　　8、创建php-fpm配置文件（php-fpm是为PHP打的一个FastCGI管理补丁，可以平滑变更php.ini配置而无需重启php-cgi）：
　　在/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/目录中创建php-fpm.conf文件：

rm -f /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf

　　输入以下内容（如果您安装 Nginx + PHP 用于程序调试，请将以下的<value name="display_errors">0</value>改为<value name="display_errors">1</value>，以便显示PHP错误信息，否则，Nginx 会报状态为500的空白错误页）：

<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<configuration>

  All relative paths in this config are relative to php's install prefix

  <section name="global_options">

    Pid file
    <value name="pid_file">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.pid</value>

    Error log file
    <value name="error_log">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.log</value>

    Log level
    <value name="log_level">notice</value>

    When this amount of php processes exited with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS ...
    <value name="emergency_restart_threshold">10</value>

    ... in a less than this interval of time, a graceful restart will be initiated.
    Useful to work around accidental curruptions in accelerator's shared memory.
    <value name="emergency_restart_interval">1m</value>

    Time limit on waiting child's reaction on signals from master
    <value name="process_control_timeout">5s</value>

    Set to 'no' to debug fpm
    <value name="daemonize">yes</value>

  </section>

  <workers>

    <section name="pool">

      Name of pool. Used in logs and stats.
      <value name="name">default</value>

      Address to accept fastcgi requests on.
      Valid syntax is 'ip.ad.re.ss:port' or just 'port' or '/path/to/unix/socket'
      <value name="listen_address">127.0.0.1:9000</value>

      <value name="listen_options">

        Set listen(2) backlog
        <value name="backlog">-1</value>

        Set permissions for unix socket, if one used.
        In Linux read/write permissions must be set in order to allow connections from web server.
        Many BSD-derrived systems allow connections regardless of permissions.
        <value name="owner"></value>
        <value name="group"></value>
        <value name="mode">0666</value>
      </value>

      Additional php.ini defines, specific to this pool of workers.
      <value name="php_defines">
        <value name="sendmail_path">/usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i</value>
        <value name="display_errors">0</value>
      </value>

      Unix user of processes
      <value name="user">www</value>

      Unix group of processes
      <value name="group">www</value>

      Process manager settings
      <value name="pm">

        Sets style of controling worker process count.
        Valid values are 'static' and 'apache-like'
        <value name="style">static</value>

        Sets the limit on the number of simultaneous requests that will be served.
        Equivalent to Apache MaxClients directive.
        Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN environment in original php.fcgi
        Used with any pm_style.
        <value name="max_children">128</value>

        Settings group for 'apache-like' pm style
        <value name="apache_like">

          Sets the number of server processes created on startup.
          Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
          <value name="StartServers">20</value>

          Sets the desired minimum number of idle server processes.
          Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
          <value name="MinSpareServers">5</value>

          Sets the desired maximum number of idle server processes.
          Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
          <value name="MaxSpareServers">35</value>

        </value>

      </value>

      The timeout (in seconds) for serving a single request after which the worker process will be terminated
      Should be used when 'max_execution_time' ini option does not stop script execution for some reason
      '0s' means 'off'
      <value name="request_terminate_timeout">0s</value>

      The timeout (in seconds) for serving of single request after which a php backtrace will be dumped to slow.log file
      '0s' means 'off'
      <value name="request_slowlog_timeout">0s</value>

      The log file for slow requests
      <value name="slowlog">logs/slow.log</value>

      Set open file desc rlimit
      <value name="rlimit_files">65535</value>

      Set max core size rlimit
      <value name="rlimit_core">0</value>

      Chroot to this directory at the start, absolute path
      <value name="chroot"></value>

      Chdir to this directory at the start, absolute path
      <value name="chdir"></value>

      Redirect workers' stdout and stderr into main error log.
      If not set, they will be redirected to /dev/null, according to FastCGI specs
      <value name="catch_workers_output">yes</value>

      How much requests each process should execute before respawn.
      Useful to work around memory leaks in 3rd party libraries.
      For endless request processing please specify 0
      Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS
      <value name="max_requests">1024</value>

      Comma separated list of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients that allowed to connect.
      Equivalent to FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment in original php.fcgi (5.2.2+)
      Makes sense only with AF_INET listening socket.
      <value name="allowed_clients">127.0.0.1</value>

      Pass environment variables like LD_LIBRARY_PATH
      All $VARIABLEs are taken from current environment
      <value name="environment">
        <value name="HOSTNAME">$HOSTNAME</value>
        <value name="PATH">/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin</value>
        <value name="TMP">/tmp</value>
        <value name="TMPDIR">/tmp</value>
        <value name="TEMP">/tmp</value>
        <value name="OSTYPE">$OSTYPE</value>
        <value name="MACHTYPE">$MACHTYPE</value>
        <value name="MALLOC_CHECK_">2</value>
      </value>

    </section>

  </workers>

</configuration>

　　9、启动php-cgi进程，监听127.0.0.1的9000端口，进程数为128（如果服务器内存小于3GB，可以只开启64个进程），用户为www：

ulimit -SHn 65535
/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start

　　三、安装Nginx 0.8.46
　　1、安装Nginx所需的pcre库：

tar zxvf pcre-8.10.tar.gz
cd pcre-8.10/
./configure
make && make install
cd ../

　　2、安装Nginx

tar zxvf nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz
cd nginx-0.8.46/
./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module
make && make install
cd ../

　　3、创建Nginx日志目录

mkdir -p /data1/logs
chmod +w /data1/logs
chown -R www:www /data1/logs

　　4、创建Nginx配置文件
　　①、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建nginx.conf文件：

rm -f /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

　　输入以下内容：

引用

user  www www;

worker_processes 8;

error_log  /data1/logs/nginx_error.log  crit;

pid        /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid;

#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process.
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;

events
{
  use epoll;
  worker_connections 65535;
}

http
{
  include       mime.types;
  default_type  application/octet-stream;

  #charset  gb2312;

  server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
  client_header_buffer_size 32k;
  large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;
  client_max_body_size 8m;

  sendfile on;
  tcp_nopush     on;

  keepalive_timeout 60;

  tcp_nodelay on;

  fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;
  fastcgi_send_timeout 300;
  fastcgi_read_timeout 300;
  fastcgi_buffer_size 64k;
  fastcgi_buffers 4 64k;
  fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;
  fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;

  gzip on;
  gzip_min_length  1k;
  gzip_buffers     4 16k;
  gzip_http_version 1.0;
  gzip_comp_level 2;
  gzip_types       text/plain application/x-javascript text/css application/xml;
  gzip_vary on;

  #limit_zone  crawler  $binary_remote_addr  10m;

  server
  {
    listen       80;
    server_name  blog.s135.com;
    index index.html index.htm index.php;
    root  /data0/htdocs/blog;

    #limit_conn   crawler  20;

    location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$
    {
      #fastcgi_pass  unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
      fastcgi_pass  127.0.0.1:9000;
      fastcgi_index index.php;
      include fcgi.conf;
    }

    location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$
    {
      expires      30d;
    }

    location ~ .*\.(js|css)?$
    {
      expires      1h;
    }

    log_format  access  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
              '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
              '"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
    access_log  /data1/logs/access.log  access;
      }

  server
  {
    listen       80;
    server_name  www.s135.com;
    index index.html index.htm index.php;
    root  /data0/htdocs/www;

    location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$
    {
      #fastcgi_pass  unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
      fastcgi_pass  127.0.0.1:9000;
      fastcgi_index index.php;
      include fcgi.conf;
    }

    log_format  wwwlogs  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
               '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
               '"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
    access_log  /data1/logs/wwwlogs.log  wwwlogs;
  }

  server
  {
    listen  80;
    server_name  status.blog.s135.com;

    location / {
    stub_status on;
    access_log   off;
    }
  }
}

　　②、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建fcgi.conf文件：

vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/fcgi.conf

　　输入以下内容：

引用

fastcgi_param  GATEWAY_INTERFACE  CGI/1.1;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_SOFTWARE    nginx;

fastcgi_param  QUERY_STRING       $query_string;
fastcgi_param  REQUEST_METHOD     $request_method;
fastcgi_param  CONTENT_TYPE       $content_type;
fastcgi_param  CONTENT_LENGTH     $content_length;

fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME    $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_NAME        $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param  REQUEST_URI        $request_uri;
fastcgi_param  DOCUMENT_URI       $document_uri;
fastcgi_param  DOCUMENT_ROOT      $document_root;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_PROTOCOL    $server_protocol;

fastcgi_param  REMOTE_ADDR        $remote_addr;
fastcgi_param  REMOTE_PORT        $remote_port;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_ADDR        $server_addr;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_PORT        $server_port;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_NAME        $server_name;

# PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect
fastcgi_param  REDIRECT_STATUS    200;

　　5、启动Nginx

ulimit -SHn 65535
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx

　　四、配置开机自动启动Nginx + PHP

vi /etc/rc.local

　　在末尾增加以下内容：

引用

ulimit -SHn 65535
/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx

　　五、优化Linux内核参数

vi /etc/sysctl.conf

　　在末尾增加以下内容：

引用

# Add
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65536
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 32768
net.core.somaxconn = 32768

net.core.wmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216

net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 2

net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
#net.ipv4.tcp_tw_len = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1

net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 94500000 915000000 927000000
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800

#net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
#net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 120
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65535

　　使配置立即生效：

/sbin/sysctl -p

　　六、在不停止Nginx服务的情况下平滑变更Nginx配置
　　1、修改/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件后，请执行以下命令检查配置文件是否正确：

/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -t

(上面一步出错解决方法 $ sudo ldconfig /usr/local/lib)

　　如果屏幕显示以下两行信息，说明配置文件正确：
　　the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
　　the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf was tested successfully

　　2、平滑重启：
　　①、对于Nginx 0.8.x版本，现在平滑重启Nginx配置非常简单，执行以下命令即可：

/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload

　　②、对于Nginx 0.8.x之前的版本，平滑重启稍微麻烦一些，按照以下步骤进行即可。输入以下命令查看Nginx主进程号：

ps -ef | grep "nginx: master process" | grep -v "grep" | awk -F ' ' '{print $2}'

　　屏幕显示的即为Nginx主进程号，例如：
　　6302
　　这时，执行以下命令即可使修改过的Nginx配置文件生效：

kill -HUP 6302

　　或者无需这么麻烦，找到Nginx的Pid文件：

kill -HUP `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`

　　七、编写每天定时切割Nginx日志的脚本
　　1、创建脚本/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh

vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh

　　输入以下内容：

引用

#!/bin/bash
# This script run at 00:00

# The Nginx logs path
logs_path="/usr/local/webserver/nginx/logs/"

mkdir -p ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/
mv ${logs_path}access.log ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/access_$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y%m%d").log
kill -USR1 `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`

　　2、设置crontab，每天凌晨00:00切割nginx访问日志

crontab -e

　　输入以下内容：

引用

00 00 * * * /bin/bash /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh

　　本文若有小的修改，会第一时间在以下网址发布：
　　http://blog.s135.com/nginx_php_v6/

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javaEE学习笔记 | php文档

2012-05-14 00:42
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