oracle常用命令

　　第一章：日志管理
　　1.forcing log switches
　　sql> alter system switch logfile;
　　2.forcing checkpoints
　　sql> alter system checkpoint;
　　3.adding online redo log groups
　　sql> alter database add logfile [group 4]
　　sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;
　　4.adding online redo log members
　　sql> alter database add logfile member
　　sql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,
　　sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;
　　5.changes the name of the online redo logfile
　　sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'
　　sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
　　6.drop online redo log groups
　　sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;
　　7.drop online redo log members
　　sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
　　8.clearing online redo log files
　　sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';
　　9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles
　　a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '
　　b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log');
　　c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log',
　　sql> dbms_logmnr.new);
　　d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log',
　　sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile);
　　e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora');
　　f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters
　　sql> v$logmnr_logs);
　　g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;
　　
　　第二章：表空间管理
　　1.create tablespaces
　　sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m,
　　sql> 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]
　　sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)
　　sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]
　　2.locally managed tablespace
　　sql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf'
　　sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
　　3.temporary tablespace
　　sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf'
　　sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
　　4.change the storage setting
　　sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;
　　sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m
　　axextents 999);
　　5.taking tablespace offline or online
　　sql> alter tablespace app_data offline;
　　sql> alter tablespace app_data online;
　　6.read_only tablespace
　　sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;
　　7.droping tablespace
　　sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;
　　8.enableing automatic extension of data files
　　sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf' size 200m
　　sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;
　　9.change the size fo data files manually
　　sql> alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' resize 200m;
　　10.Moving data files: alter tablespace
　　sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'
　　sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';
　　11.moving data files:alter database
　　sql> alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'
　　sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';
　　
　　第三章：表
　　1.create a table
　　sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)
　　sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]
　　sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
　　sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)
　　sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]
　　2.copy an existing table
　　sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery
　　3.create temporary table
　　sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;
　　on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows
　　4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size
　　pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)
　　5.change storage and block utilization parameter
　　sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k
　　sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);
　　6.manually allocating extents
　　sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');
　　7.move tablespace
　　sql> alter table employee move tablespace users;
　　8.deallocate of unused space
　　sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]
　　9.truncate a table
　　sql> truncate table table_name;
　　10.drop a table
　　sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];
　　11.drop a column
　　sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;
　　alter table table_name drop columns continue;
　　12.mark a column as unused
　　sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;
　　alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
　　alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000
　　data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs
　　
　　第四章：索引
　　1.creating function-based indexes
　　sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);
　　2.create a B-tree index
　　sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc)
　　tablespace
　　sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
　　sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0
　　sql> maxextents 50);
　　3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows
　　4.creating reverse key indexes
　　sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k
　　sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
　　5.create bitmap index
　　sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k
　　sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
　　6.change storage parameter of index
　　sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);
　　7.allocating index space
　　sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile
　　'c:/oracle/index.dbf');
　　8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;
　　
　　第五章：约束
　　1.define constraints as immediate or deferred
　　sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;
　　set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;
　　2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints
　　sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints
　　3. define constraints while create a table
　　sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable
　　sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);
　　primary key/unique/references table(column)/check
　　4.enable constraints
　　sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;
　　5.enable constraints
　　sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;
　　
　　第六章：LOAD数据
　　1.loading data using direct_load insert
　　sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging
　　sql> select * from emp_old;
　　2.parallel direct-load insert
　　sql> alter session enable parallel dml;
　　sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging
　　sql> select * from emp_old;
　　3.using sql*loader
　　sql> sqlldr scott/tiger sql> control = ulcase6.ctl sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true
　　
　　第七章：reorganizing data
　　1.using expoty
　　$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y
　　2.using import
　　$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y
　　3.transporting a tablespace
　　sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only;
　　$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts
　　triggers=n constraints=n
　　$copy datafile
　　$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2
　　/sles02.dbf)
　　sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;
　　4.checking transport set
　　sql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check
　　(ts_list =>'sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=>true);
　　在表transport_set_violations 中查看
　　sql> dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是， 表示自包含
　　
　　第八章： managing password security and resources
　　1.controlling account lock and password
　　sql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;
　　2.user_provided password function
　　sql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30),
　　old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean
　　3.create a profile : password setting
　　sql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3
　　sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30
　　sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function
　　sql> password_grace_time 5;
　　4.altering a profile
　　sql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3
　　sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;
　　5.drop a profile
　　sql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];
　　6.create a profile : resource limit
　　sql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2
　　sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
　　7. view => resource_cost : alter resource cost
　　dba_Users,dba_profiles
　　8. enable resource limits
　　sql> alter system set resource_limit=true;
　　
　　第九章：Managing users
　　1.create a user: database authentication
　　sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users
　　sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire
　　sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];
　　2.change user quota on tablespace
　　sql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users;
　　3.drop a user
　　sql> drop user juncky [cascade];
　　4. monitor user
　　view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas
　　
　　第十章：managing privileges
　　1.system privileges: view => system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs
　　2.grant system privilege
　　sql> grant create session,create table to managers;
　　sql> grant create session to scott with admin option;
　　with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;
　　3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:
　　sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,
　　alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database
　　alter database archivelog,restricted session
　　sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until
　　4.password file members: view:=> v$pwfile_users
　　5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema
　　6.revoke system privilege
　　sql> revoke create table from karen;
　　sql> revoke create session from scott;
　　7.grant object privilege
　　sql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;
　　sql> grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;
　　8.display object privilege : view => dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs
　　9.revoke object privilege
　　sql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];
　　10.audit record view :=> sys.aud$
　　11. protecting the audit trail
　　sql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;
　　12.statement auditing
　　sql> audit user;
　　13.privilege auditing
　　sql> audit select any table by summit by access;
　　14.schema object auditing
　　sql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;
　　15.view audit option : view=> all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts
　　16.view audit result: view=> dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,
　　dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement
　　
　　第十一章： manager role
　　1.create roles
　　sql> create role sales_clerk;
　　sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;
　　sql> create role hr_manager identified externally;
　　2.modify role
　　sql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;
　　sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally;
　　sql> alter role hr_manager not identified;
　　3.assigning roles
　　sql> grant sales_clerk to scott;
　　sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;
　　sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;
　　4.establish default role
　　sql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;
　　sql> alter user scott default role all;
　　sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;
　　sql> alter user scott default role none;
　　5.enable and disable roles
　　sql> set role hr_clerk;
　　sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission;
　　sql> set role all except sales_clerk;
　　sql> set role none;
　　6.remove role from user
　　sql> revoke sales_clerk from scott;
　　sql> revoke hr_manager from public;
　　7.remove role
　　sql> drop role hr_manager;
　　8.display role information
　　view: =>dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,
　　role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles
　　
　　第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY
　　1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat
　　2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size
　　3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback
　　> v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions
　　4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)
　　> shutdown immediate
　　> cp files /backup/
　　> startup
　　5.restore to a different location
　　> connect system/manager as sysdba
　　> startup mount
　　> alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk2/../user.dbf';
　　> alter database open;
　　6.recover syntax
　　--recover a mounted database
　　>recover database;
　　>recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';
　　>alter database recover database;
　　--recover an opened database
　　>recover tablespace user_data;
　　>recover datafile 2;
　　>alter database recover datafile 2;
　　7.how to apply redo log files automatically
　　>set autorecovery on
　　>recover automatic datafile 4;
　　8.complete recovery:
　　--method 1(mounted databae)
　　>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf
　　>startup mount
　　>recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf;
　　>alter database open;
　　--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)
　　>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)
　　>recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' or
　　>recover tablespace user_data;
　　>alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' online or
　　>alter tablespace user_data online;
　　--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)
　　>startup mount
　　>alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' offline;
　　>alter database open
　　>copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf
　　>alter database rename file 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' to 'd:\oradata\user.dbf'
　　>recover datafile 'e:\oradata\user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;
　　>alter tablespace user_data online;
　　--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)
　　>alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;
　　>alter database create datafile 'd:\oradata\user.dbf' as 'c:\oradata\user.dbf''
　　>recover tablespace user_data;
　　>alter tablespace user_data online
　　5.perform an open database backup
　　> alter tablespace user_data begin backup;
　　> copy files /backup/
　　> alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;
　　> alter system switch logfile;
　　6.backup a control file
　　> alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';
　　> alter database backup controlfile to trace;
　　7.recovery (noarchivelog mode)
　　> shutdown abort
　　> cp files
　　> startup
　　8.recovery of file in backup mode
　　>alter database datafile 2 end backup;
　　9.clearing redo log file
　　>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;
　　>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;
　　10.redo log recovery
　　>alter database add logfile group 3 'c:\oradata\redo03.log' size 1000k;
　　>alter database drop logfile group 1;
　　>alter database open;
　　or >cp c:\oradata\redo02.log' c:\oradata\redo01.log
　　>alter database clear logfile 'c:\oradata\log01.log';


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　　1、查看当前所有对象
　　
　　SQL> select * from tab;
　　
　　2、建一个和a表结构一样的空表
　　
　　SQL> create table b as select * from a where 1=2;
　　
　　SQL> create table b(b1,b2,b3) as select a1,a2,a3 from a where 1=2;
　　
　　3、察看数据库的大小，和空间使用情况
　　
　　SQL> col tablespace format a20
　　SQL> select b.file_id　　文件ID,
　　　　b.tablespace_name　　表空间,
　　　　b.file_name　　　　　物理文件名,
　　　　b.bytes　　　　　　　总字节数,
　　　　(b.bytes-sum(nvl(a.bytes,0)))　　　已使用,
　　　　sum(nvl(a.bytes,0))　　　　　　　　剩余,
　　　　sum(nvl(a.bytes,0))/(b.bytes)*100　剩余百分比
　　　　from dba_free_space a,dba_data_files b
　　　　where a.file_id=b.file_id
　　　　group by b.tablespace_name,b.file_name,b.file_id,b.bytes
　　　　order by b.tablespace_name
　　　　/
　　　　dba_free_space --表空间剩余空间状况
　　　　dba_data_files --数据文件空间占用情况
　　
　　
　　4、查看现有回滚段及其状态
　　
　　SQL> col segment format a30
　　SQL> SELECT SEGMENT_NAME,OWNER,TABLESPACE_NAME,SEGMENT_ID,FILE_ID,STATUS FROM DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS;
　　
　　5、查看数据文件放置的路径
　　
　　SQL> col file_name format a50
　　SQL> select tablespace_name,file_id,bytes/1024/1024,file_name from dba_data_files order by file_id;
　　
　　6、显示当前连接用户
　　
　　SQL> show user
　　
　　7、把SQL*Plus当计算器
　　
　　SQL> select 100*20 from dual;
　　
　　8、连接字符串
　　
　　SQL> select 列1||列2 from 表1;
　　SQL> select concat(列1,列2) from 表1;
　　
　　9、查询当前日期
　　
　　SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd,hh24:mi:ss') from dual;
　　
　　10、用户间复制数据
　　
　　SQL> copy from user1 to user2 create table2 using select * from table1;
　　
　　11、视图中不能使用order by，但可用group by代替来达到排序目的
　　
　　SQL> create view a as select b1,b2 from b group by b1,b2;
　　
　　12、通过授权的方式来创建用户
　　
　　SQL> grant connect,resource to test identified by test;
　　
　　SQL> conn test/test