shell

by R. Loui

有一些简单的脚本例子，功能是一样的。通过阅读这些例子，了解脚本语言的语法和语言特性。

熟悉命令行的使用技巧，选择语言需要知道能够用它来做什么。


hello world

PERL:

print "hello world\n"

GAWK:

 BEGIN { print "hello world" }

一加一

PERL

 $x= $x+1;

GAWK

 x= x+1

打印变量

PERL

print $x, $y, $z;

GAWK

print x,y,z

Printing the first field in a file

PERL

 while (<>) { 
   split(/ /);
   print "@_[0]\n" 
 }

GAWK

 { print $1 }

打印第一个字段

PERL

 while (<>) { 
   split(/ /);
   print "@_[0]\n" 
 }

GAWK

 { print $1 }

按新排列字段持续，打印每行内容

PERL

 while (<>) { 
  split(/ /);
  print "@_[1] @_[0]\n" 
 }

GAWK

 { print $2, $1 }

变量

PERL

 command = "cat $fname1 $fname2 > $fname3"

GAWK

 command = "cat " fname1 " " fname2 " > " fname3

循环

PERL:

 for (1..10) { print $_,"\n" }

GAWK:

 BEGIN { 
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) print i
 }

两个变量

PERL:

 for (1..10) { print "$_ ",$_-1 }
 print "\n"

GAWK:

 BEGIN { 
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) printf i " " i-1
  print ""
 }

打印数组里面的值

PERL

  foreach $x ( split(/ /,"this is not stored linearly") ) 
  { print "$x\n" }

GAWK

 BEGIN { 
  split("this is not stored linearly",temp)
  for (i in temp) print temp[i]
 }

打印hash的key和值

PERL

 $n = split(/ /,"this is not stored linearly");
 for $i (0..$n-1) { print "$i @_[$i]\n" }
 print "\n";
 for $i (@_) { print ++$j," ",$i,"\n" }

AWK

BEGIN { 
  n = split("this is not stored linearly",temp)
  for (i=1; i<=n; i++) print i, temp[i]
  print ""
  for (i in temp) print i, temp[i]
 }

打印数据文件的所有行

PERL

 open file,"/etc/passwd";
 while (<file>) { print $_ }

GAWK

  BEGIN { 
  while (getline < "/etc/passwd") print
 }

打印一个字符串

PERL

 $x = "this " . "that " . "\n";
 print $x

GAWK

 BEGIN {
  x = "this " "that " "\n" ; printf x
 }

构造打印数组

PERL

 $assoc{"this"} = 4;
 $assoc{"that"} = 4;
 $assoc{"the other thing"} = 15;
 for $i (keys %assoc) { print "$i $assoc{$i}\n" }

GAWK

 BEGIN {
   assoc["this"] = 4
   assoc["that"] = 4
   assoc["the other thing"] = 15
   for (i in assoc) print i,assoc[i]
 }

数组排序

PERL

 split(/ /,"this will be sorted once in an array");
 foreach $i (sort @_) { print "$i\n" }

GAWK

 BEGIN {
  split("this will be sorted once in an array",temp," ")
  for (i in temp) print temp[i] | "sort"
  while ("sort" | getline) print
 }

数组排序(#2) 推荐

GAWK

 BEGIN {
  split("this will be sorted once in an array",temp," ")
  n=asort(temp)
  for (i=1;i<=n;i++) print temp[i] 
 }

打印所有行，韵母替换为*

PERL

 while (<STDIN>) {
  s/[aeiou]/*/g;
  print $_
 }

GAWK

 {gsub(/[aeiou]/,"*"); print }

脚本文件

PERL

 #!/pkg/gnu/bin/perl
 # this is a comment
 #
 open(stream1,"w | ");
 while ($line = <stream1>) {
   ($user, $tty, $login, $junk) = split(/ +/, $line, 4);
   print "$user $login ",substr($line,49)
 }

GAWK

#!/pkg/gnu/bin/gawk -f
 # this is a comment
 #
 BEGIN {
   while ("w" | getline) {
     user = $1; tty = $2; login = $3
     print user, login, substr($0,49)
   }
 }

Web应用

PERL

open(stream1,"lynx -dump 'cs.wustl.edu/~loui' | ");
 while ($line = <stream1>) {
   if ($flag && $line =~ /[0-9]/) { print $line }
   if ($line =~ /References/) { $flag = 1 }
 }

GAWK

BEGIN {
  com = "lynx -dump 'cs.wustl.edu/~loui' &> /dev/stdout"
  while (com | getline line) {
    if (flag && line ~ /[0-9]/) { print line }
    if (line ~ /References/) { flag = 1 }
  }
 }