名词汇总

本来我是要把解释翻译成中文的，后来想到，应该保留英文的解释，不用翻译成中文，有一下原因：1.本人英语是在不是很好，词不达意2.即使英文好，也不能保证用中文很好的表达原文的意思3.解释是英文的，大家在需要的时候可以好好体会一下，4.只翻译词，如果大家在看中文资料的时候越到这些词的时候有问题可以到这里看看原文的解释。

abstract class抽象类

A class that’s defined solely so that other classes can inherit from it. Programs don’t use instances of an abstract class; they use only instances of its subclasses.

abstract superclass抽象父类

Same as abstract class.

adopt适配

In the Objective-C language, a class is said to adopt a protocol if it declares that it implements all the methods in the protocol. Protocols are adopted by listing their names between angle brackets in a class or category declaration.

anonymous object匿名对象

An object of unknown class. The interface to an anonymous object is published through a protocol declaration.

AppKit应用框架

Sometimes called Application Kit. A Cocoa framework that implements an application's user interface. AppKit provides a basic program structure for applications that draw on the screen and respond to events.

<!-- Removed at Laurel's request during iBooks editing pass; the term isn't in the body of the document.archivingThe process of preserving a data structure, especially an object, for later use. An archived data structure is usually stored in a file, but it can also be written to memory, copied to the pasteboard, or sent to another application. In Cocoa, archiving involves writing data to an NSData object. -->

asynchronous message异步消息

A remote message that returns immediately, without waiting for the application that receives the message to respond. The sending application and the receiving application act independently, and are therefore not in sync. Compare synchronous message.

category类别

In the Objective-C language, a set of method definitions that is segregated from the rest of the class definition. Categories can be used to split a class definition into parts or to add methods to an existing class.

class类

In the Objective-C language, a prototype for a particular kind of object. A class definition declares instance variables and defines methods for all members of the class. Objects that have the same types of instance variables and have access to the same methods belong to the same class. See also class object.

class method类方法

In the Objective-C language, a method that can operate on class objects rather than instances of the class.

class object类对象

In the Objective-C language, an object that represents a class and knows how to create new instances of the class. Class objects are created by the compiler, lack instance variables, and can’t be statically typed, but otherwise behave like all other objects. As the receiver in a message expression, a class object is represented by the class name.

Cocoa这个不翻译了

An advanced object-oriented development platform in Mac OS X. Cocoa is a set of frameworks whose primary programming interfaces are in Objective-C.

compile time编译期

The time when source code is compiled. Decisions made at compile time are constrained by the amount and kind of information encoded in source files.

conform遵从

In the Objective-C language, a class is said to conform to a protocol if it (or a superclass) implements the methods declared in the protocol. An instance conforms to a protocol if its class does. Thus, an instance that conforms to a protocol can perform any of the instance methods declared in the protocol.

<!-- Removed at Laurel's request during iBooks editing pass; the term isn't in the body of the document.content viewIn the Application Kit, the NSView object that’s associated with the content area of a window—all the area in the window excluding the title bar and border. All other views in the window are arranged in a hierarchy beneath the content view. -->

delegate代理

An object that acts on behalf of another object.

designated initializer选定初始化函数

The init... method that has primary responsibility for initializing new instances of a class. Each class defines or inherits its own designated initializer. Through messages to self, other init... methods in the same class directly or indirectly invoke the designated initializer, and the designated initializer, through a message to super, invokes the designated initializer of its superclass.

dispatch table分派表

The Objective-C runtime table that contains entries that associate method selectors with the class-specific addresses of the methods they identify.

distributed objects分布式对象

An architecture that facilitates communication between objects in different address spaces.

dynamic allocation动态申请

A technique used in C-based languages where the operating system provides memory to a running application as it needs it, instead of when it launches.

dynamic binding动态绑定

Binding a method to a message—that is, finding the method implementation to invoke in response to the message—at runtime, rather than at compile time.

dynamic typing动态类型

Discovering the class of an object at runtime rather than at compile time.

encapsulation封装

A programming technique that hides the implementation of an operation from its users behind an abstract interface. It allows the implementation to be updated or changed without impacting the users of the interface.

event事件

The direct or indirect report of external activity, especially user activity on the keyboard and mouse.

factory工厂

Same as class object.

<!-- Removed at Laila's request during iBooks proofing pass; the term isn't in the body of the document.factory methodSame as class method. -->

factory object工厂对象

Same as class object.

formal protocol正式协议

In the Objective-C language, a protocol that’s declared with the @protocol directive. Classes can adopt formal protocols, objects can respond at runtime when asked if they conform to a formal protocol, and instances can be typed by the formal protocols they conform to.

framework框架

A way to package a logically related set of classes, protocols, and functions together with localized strings, online documentation, and other pertinent files. Cocoa provides the Foundation framework and the AppKit framework, among others.

<!-- Removed at Laurel's request during iBooks editing pass; the term isn't in the body of the document.gdbThe standard Mac OS X debugging tool. -->

id这个不翻译了

In the Objective-C language, the general type for any kind of object regardless of class. id is defined as a pointer to an object data structure. It can be used for both class objects and instances of a class.

implementation实现

The part of an Objective-C class specification that defines public methods (those declared in the class’s interface) as well as private methods (those not declared in the class’s interface).

informal protocol非正式协议

In the Objective-C language, a protocol declared as a category, usually as a category of the NSObject class. The language gives explicit support to formal protocols, but not to informal ones.

inheritance继承

In object-oriented programming, the ability of a superclass to pass its characteristics (methods and instance variables) on to its subclasses.

inheritance hierarchy继承层次

In object-oriented programming, the hierarchy of classes that’s defined by the arrangement of superclasses and subclasses. Every class (except root classes such as NSObject) has a superclass, and any class may have an unlimited number of subclasses. Through its superclass, each class inherits from those above it in the hierarchy.

instance实例

In the Objective-C language, an object that belongs to (is a member of) a particular class. Instances are created at runtime according to the specification in the class definition.

instance method实例方法

In the Objective-C language, any method that can be used by an instance of a class rather than by the class object.

instance variable实例变量

In the Objective-C language, any variable that’s part of the internal data structure of an instance. Instance variables are declared in a class definition and become part of all objects that are members of or inherit from the class.

interface界面

The part of an Objective-C class specification that declares its public interface, which includes its superclass name, instances variables, and public-method prototypes.

Interface Builder界面编辑器

A tool that lets you graphically specify your application’s user interface. It sets up the corresponding objects for you and makes it easy for you to establish connections between these objects and your own code where needed.

<!-- Removed at Laurel's request during iBooks editing pass; the term isn't in the body of the document.introspectionThe ability of an object to reveal information about itself as an object—such as its class and superclass, the messages it can respond to, and the protocols it conforms to. --><!-- Removed at Laurel's request during iBooks editing pass; the term isn't in the body of the document.key windowThe window in the active application that receives keyboard events and is the focus of user activity. -->

link time链接期

The time when files compiled from different source modules are linked into a single program. Decisions made by the linker are constrained by the compiled code and ultimately by the information contained in source code.

<!-- Removed at Laurel's request during iBooks editing pass; the term isn't in the body of the document.localizeTo adapt an application to work under various local conditions—especially to have it use a language selected by the user. Localization entails freeing application code from language-specific and culture-specific references and making it able to import localized resources (such as character strings, images, and sounds). For example, an application localized in Spanish would display “Salir” in the application menu. In Italian, it would be “Esci,” in German “Verlassen,” and in English “Quit.” --><!-- Removed at Laurel's request during iBooks editing pass; the term isn't in the body of the document.main event loopThe principal control loop for applications that are driven by events. From the time it’s launched until the moment it’s terminated, an application gets one keyboard or mouse event after another from the Window Manager and responds to them, waiting between events if the next event isn’t ready. In the Application Kit, the NSApplication object runs the main event loop. --><!-- Removed at Laurel's request during iBooks editing pass; "Although menus are mentioned in the body of the document, they are mentioned in passing, and I don't think we need this entry. It's not a very good definition in any case."menuA small window that displays a list of commands. Only menus for the active application are visible on-screen. -->

message消息

In object-oriented programming, the method selector (name) and accompanying parameters that tell the receiving object in a message expression what to do.

message expression消息表达式

In object-oriented programming, an expression that sends a message to an object. In the Objective-C language, message expressions are enclosed within square brackets and consist of a receiver followed by a message (method selector and parameters).

method方法

In object-oriented programming, a procedure that can be executed by an object.

<!-- Removed at Laila's request during iBooks proofing pass; the term isn't in the body of the document.multiple inheritanceIn object-oriented programming, the ability of a class to have more than one superclass—to inherit from different sources and thus combine separately defined behaviors in a single class. Objective-C doesn’t support multiple inheritance. -->

mutex互斥

Short for mutual exclusion semaphore. An object used to synchronize thread execution.

namespace名称空间

A logical subdivision of a program within which all names must be unique. Symbols in one namespace do not conflict with identically named symbols in another namespace. For example, in Objective-C, the instance methods of a class are in a unique namespace for the class. Similarly, the class methods of a class are in their own namespace, and the instance variables of a class are in their own namespace.

nil空指针

In the Objective-C language, an object id with a value of 0.

object对象

A programming unit that groups together a data structure (instance variables) and the operations (methods) that can use or affect that data. Objects are the principal building blocks of object-oriented programs.

outlet操控者

An instance variable that points to another object. Outlet instance variables are a way for an object to keep track of the other objects to which it may need to send messages.

polymorphism多态

In object-oriented programming, the ability of different objects to respond, each in its own way, to the same message.

procedural programming language过程编程语言

A language, such as C, that organizes a program as a set of procedures that have definite beginnings and ends.

protocol协议

In the Objective-C language, the declaration of a group of methods not associated with any particular class. See also formal protocol, informal protocol.

receiver接受者

In object-oriented programming, the object that is sent a message.

reference counting内存计数器

A memory-management technique in which each entity that claims ownership of an object increments the object’s reference count and later decrements it. When the object’s reference count reaches zero, the object is deallocated. This technique allows one instance of an object to be safely shared among several other objects.

remote message远端消息

A message sent from one application to an object in another application.

remote object远端对象

An object in another application, one that’s a potential receiver for a remote message.

runtime运行期

The time after a program is launched and while it’s running. Decisions made at runtime can be influenced by choices the user makes.

selector选择器

In the Objective-C language, the name of a method when it’s used in a source-code message to an object, or the unique identifier that replaces the name when the source code is compiled. Compiled selectors are of type SEL.

static typing静态类型

In the Objective-C language, giving the compiler information about what kind of object an instance is, by typing it as a pointer to a class.

subclass子类

In the Objective-C language, any class that’s one step below another class in the inheritance hierarchy. Occasionally used more generally to mean any class that inherits from another class. Also used as a verb to mean the process of defining a subclass of another class.

superclass父类

In the Objective-C language, a class that’s one step above another class in the inheritance hierarchy; the class through which a subclass inherits methods and instance variables.

<!-- Removed at Laurel's request during iBooks editing pass; the term isn't in the body of the document.surrogateAn object that stands in for and forwards messages to another object. -->

synchronous message异步消息

A remote message that doesn’t return until the receiving application finishes responding to the message. Because the application that sends the message waits for an acknowledgment or return information from the receiving application, the two applications are kept in sync. Compare asynchronous message.