Perl Language(III)

Perl Language(III)

5. Hash(Key-Value)
5.2 Hash syntax
my %hash;

my %hash;
$hash{key} = 'value';
$hash{name} = "sillycat";
print $hash{key} . " " . $hash{name};

my $var = 1;
my @var = (1,2,3,4);
my %var;
$var{1} = 2;
$var{2} = 38;
print $var . " " . $var[3] . " " . $var{2}

console output:
1 4 38

my %hash;
for (1...5) {
    $hash{$_*2} = $_**2;
}

equals to

$hash{2} = 1;
$hash{4} = 4;
$hash{6} = 9;
$hash{8} = 16;
$hash{10} = 25;

5.3 put the value in hash
my %hash = qw/1 one 2 two 3 three/;

equals to

$hash{1} = 'one';
$hash{2} = 'two';
$hash{3} = 'three';

equals to

my %hash = (
            1 => 'one',
            2 => 'two',
            3 => 'three',
            );

5.4 each
my %hash = (
            1 => 'one',
            2 => 'two',
            3 => 'three',
            );
           
while (my ($key, $value) = each (%hash)) { 
      print "$key = $value\n";
}

console output:
1 = one
3 = three
2 = two

my %hash = (
            '168.1.0.1' => 'sillycat',
            '192.168.0.2' => 'carl',
            '192.168.1.3' => 'luohuazju',
            ); 
my @hostname;
while (my ($key, $value) = each (%hash)) {
    if ($key =~ /^192/) { 
        push @hostname, $value;
    }
}

print join ",", @hostname;

console output:
luohuazju,carl

5.5 keys and values
my @keys = keys(%hash);

my @values = values(%hash);

my @keys = keys(%hash);
for (@keys) {
    print "$_ => $hash{$_}\n";
}

my %hash = (
            '168.1.0.1' => 'sillycat',
            '192.168.0.2' => 'carl',
            '192.168.1.3' => 'luohuazju',
            ); 

my @keys =  map { $hash{$_} }
            grep { (m/^192/) } keys(%hash);

print join "," ,@keys;

console output:
luohuazju,carl

5.6 operation of hash
5.6.1 exists
my %hash = (
            '168.1.2.1' => 'verdi',
            '192.1.2.2' => 'wagner',
            '168.1.2.3' => 'beethoven',
            );
my $ip = '192.1.2.2';
print "bingo" if ($hash{$ip});

my %hash = (
            'cd' => 2,
            'book' => 10,
            'video' => 0,
            );
my $media = 'video';
print "bingo" if ($hash{$media});

equals

print "exist" if (grep { $_ eq 'video' } keys (%hash));

equals

print "exists" if (exists $hash{video});

5.6.2 delete
delete $hash{video};

6. Sub function
my $num = 12;
print hex($num),"\n"; 
print &hex($num),"\n";

sub hex {
    $num*2;
}

&hello; 
&hello; 
sub hello {
    print "hello\n";
}

6.2 Parameters
&hello("sillycat"); 

sub hello {
    print @_; 
}

&hello("hello", "sillycat");

sub hello {
    my $action = shift @_;
    my $name = shift @_;
    print "$action $name\n"; 
}

console output:
hello sillycat

6.3 Return Value

my $return = &times(4);
print $return;

sub times {
    my $max = shift;
    my $total = 1;
    for (1...$max) {
  $total *= $_;
    }
    return $total;
}
console output: 24

6.4 More Parameters
my $return = &div(4, 2); 
print $return;

sub div {
    $_[0]/$_[1]; 
}


references:
http://easun.org/perl/perl-toc/
http://perl.apache.org/