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ld

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编程语言－C
编程语言－Rust/C++/Objective-C/Objective-C++

ld

对gcc编译器比较熟悉的朋友肯定对ld有了解。这是一个链接器，linux下通过gcc编译c程序的话，链接就是通过ld来完成的。

写道

# ld --help
Usage: ld [options] file...
Options:
-a KEYWORD Shared library control for HP/UX compatibility
-A ARCH, --architecture ARCH
Set architecture
-b TARGET, --format TARGET Specify target for following input files
-c FILE, --mri-script FILE Read MRI format linker script
-d, -dc, -dp Force common symbols to be defined
-e ADDRESS, --entry ADDRESS Set start address
-E, --export-dynamic Export all dynamic symbols
--no-export-dynamic Undo the effect of --export-dynamic
-EB Link big-endian objects
-EL Link little-endian objects
-f SHLIB, --auxiliary SHLIB Auxiliary filter for shared object symbol table
-F SHLIB, --filter SHLIB Filter for shared object symbol table
-g Ignored
-G SIZE, --gpsize SIZE Small data size (if no size, same as --shared)
-h FILENAME, -soname FILENAME
Set internal name of shared library
-I PROGRAM, --dynamic-linker PROGRAM
Set PROGRAM as the dynamic linker to use
-l LIBNAME, --library LIBNAME
Search for library LIBNAME
-L DIRECTORY, --library-path DIRECTORY
Add DIRECTORY to library search path
--sysroot=<DIRECTORY> Override the default sysroot location
-m EMULATION Set emulation
-M, --print-map Print map file on standard output
-n, --nmagic Do not page align data
-N, --omagic Do not page align data, do not make text readonly
--no-omagic Page align data, make text readonly
-o FILE, --output FILE Set output file name
-O Optimize output file
-Qy Ignored for SVR4 compatibility
-q, --emit-relocs Generate relocations in final output
-r, -i, --relocatable Generate relocatable output
-R FILE, --just-symbols FILE
Just link symbols (if directory, same as --rpath)
-s, --strip-all Strip all symbols
-S, --strip-debug Strip debugging symbols
--strip-discarded Strip symbols in discarded sections
--no-strip-discarded Do not strip symbols in discarded sections
-t, --trace Trace file opens
-T FILE, --script FILE Read linker script
--default-script FILE, -dT Read default linker script
-u SYMBOL, --undefined SYMBOL
Start with undefined reference to SYMBOL
--unique [=SECTION] Don't merge input [SECTION | orphan] sections
-Ur Build global constructor/destructor tables
-v, --version Print version information
-V Print version and emulation information
-x, --discard-all Discard all local symbols
-X, --discard-locals Discard temporary local symbols (default)
--discard-none Don't discard any local symbols
-y SYMBOL, --trace-symbol SYMBOL
Trace mentions of SYMBOL
-Y PATH Default search path for Solaris compatibility
-(, --start-group Start a group
-), --end-group End a group
--accept-unknown-input-arch Accept input files whose architecture cannot be determined
--no-accept-unknown-input-arch
Reject input files whose architecture is unknown
--as-needed Only set DT_NEEDED for following dynamic libs if used
--no-as-needed Always set DT_NEEDED for dynamic libraries mentioned on
the command line
-assert KEYWORD Ignored for SunOS compatibility
-Bdynamic, -dy, -call_shared
Link against shared libraries
-Bstatic, -dn, -non_shared, -static
Do not link against shared libraries
-Bsymbolic Bind global references locally
-Bsymbolic-functions Bind global function references locally
--check-sections Check section addresses for overlaps (default)
--no-check-sections Do not check section addresses for overlaps
--copy-dt-needed-entries Copy DT_NEEDED links mentioned inside DSOs that follow
--no-copy-dt-needed-entries Do not copy DT_NEEDED links mentioned inside DSOs that follow
--cref Output cross reference table
--defsym SYMBOL=EXPRESSION Define a symbol
--demangle [=STYLE] Demangle symbol names [using STYLE]
--embedded-relocs Generate embedded relocs
--fatal-warnings Treat warnings as errors
--no-fatal-warnings Do not treat warnings as errors (default)
-fini SYMBOL Call SYMBOL at unload-time
--force-exe-suffix Force generation of file with .exe suffix
--gc-sections Remove unused sections (on some targets)
--no-gc-sections Don't remove unused sections (default)
--print-gc-sections List removed unused sections on stderr
--no-print-gc-sections Do not list removed unused sections
--hash-size=<NUMBER> Set default hash table size close to <NUMBER>
--help Print option help
-init SYMBOL Call SYMBOL at load-time
-Map FILE Write a map file
--no-define-common Do not define Common storage
--no-demangle Do not demangle symbol names
--no-keep-memory Use less memory and more disk I/O
--no-undefined Do not allow unresolved references in object files
--allow-shlib-undefined Allow unresolved references in shared libaries
--no-allow-shlib-undefined Do not allow unresolved references in shared libs
--allow-multiple-definition Allow multiple definitions
--no-undefined-version Disallow undefined version
--default-symver Create default symbol version
--default-imported-symver Create default symbol version for imported symbols
--no-warn-mismatch Don't warn about mismatched input files
--no-warn-search-mismatch Don't warn on finding an incompatible library
--no-whole-archive Turn off --whole-archive
--noinhibit-exec Create an output file even if errors occur
-nostdlib Only use library directories specified on
the command line
--oformat TARGET Specify target of output file
-qmagic Ignored for Linux compatibility
--reduce-memory-overheads Reduce memory overheads, possibly taking much longer
--relax Relax branches on certain targets
--retain-symbols-file FILE Keep only symbols listed in FILE
-rpath PATH Set runtime shared library search path
-rpath-link PATH Set link time shared library search path
-shared, -Bshareable Create a shared library
-pie, --pic-executable Create a position independent executable
--sort-common [=ascending|descending]
Sort common symbols by alignment [in specified order]
--sort-section name|alignment
Sort sections by name or maximum alignment
--spare-dynamic-tags COUNT How many tags to reserve in .dynamic section
--split-by-file [=SIZE] Split output sections every SIZE octets
--split-by-reloc [=COUNT] Split output sections every COUNT relocs
--stats Print memory usage statistics
--target-help Display target specific options
--task-link SYMBOL Do task level linking
--traditional-format Use same format as native linker
--section-start SECTION=ADDRESS
Set address of named section
-Tbss ADDRESS Set address of .bss section
-Tdata ADDRESS Set address of .data section
-Ttext ADDRESS Set address of .text section
-Ttext-segment ADDRESS Set address of text segment
--unresolved-symbols=<method>
How to handle unresolved symbols. <method> is:
ignore-all, report-all, ignore-in-object-files,
ignore-in-shared-libs
--verbose Output lots of information during link
--version-script FILE Read version information script
--version-exports-section SYMBOL
Take export symbols list from .exports, using
SYMBOL as the version.
--dynamic-list-data Add data symbols to dynamic list
--dynamic-list-cpp-new Use C++ operator new/delete dynamic list
--dynamic-list-cpp-typeinfo Use C++ typeinfo dynamic list
--dynamic-list FILE Read dynamic list
--warn-common Warn about duplicate common symbols
--warn-constructors Warn if global constructors/destructors are seen
--warn-multiple-gp Warn if the multiple GP values are used
--warn-once Warn only once per undefined symbol
--warn-section-align Warn if start of section changes due to alignment
--warn-shared-textrel Warn if shared object has DT_TEXTREL
--warn-alternate-em Warn if an object has alternate ELF machine code
--warn-unresolved-symbols Report unresolved symbols as warnings
--error-unresolved-symbols Report unresolved symbols as errors
--whole-archive Include all objects from following archives
--wrap SYMBOL Use wrapper functions for SYMBOL
@FILE Read options from FILE
ld: supported targets: elf32-i386 a.out-i386-linux pei-i386 elf64-x86-64 elf64-l1om elf64-little elf64-big elf32-little elf32-big srec symbolsrec verilog tekhex binary ihex trad-core
ld: supported emulations: elf_i386 i386linux elf_x86_64 elf_l1om
ld: emulation specific options:
elf_i386:
--build-id[=STYLE] Generate build ID note
--audit=AUDITLIB Specify a library to use for auditing
-P AUDITLIB, --depaudit=AUDITLIB
Specify a library to use for auditing dependencies
-Bgroup Selects group name lookup rules for DSO
--disable-new-dtags Disable new dynamic tags
--enable-new-dtags Enable new dynamic tags
--eh-frame-hdr Create .eh_frame_hdr section
--hash-style=STYLE Set hash style to sysv, gnu or both
-z combreloc Merge dynamic relocs into one section and sort
-z defs Report unresolved symbols in object files.
-z execstack Mark executable as requiring executable stack
-z initfirst Mark DSO to be initialized first at runtime
-z interpose Mark object to interpose all DSOs but executable
-z lazy Mark object lazy runtime binding (default)
-z loadfltr Mark object requiring immediate process
-z muldefs Allow multiple definitions
-z nocombreloc Don't merge dynamic relocs into one section
-z nocopyreloc Don't create copy relocs
-z nodefaultlib Mark object not to use default search paths
-z nodelete Mark DSO non-deletable at runtime
-z nodlopen Mark DSO not available to dlopen
-z nodump Mark DSO not available to dldump
-z noexecstack Mark executable as not requiring executable stack
-z norelro Don't create RELRO program header
-z now Mark object non-lazy runtime binding
-z origin Mark object requiring immediate $ORIGIN
processing at runtime
-z relro Create RELRO program header
-z max-page-size=SIZE Set maximum page size to SIZE
-z common-page-size=SIZE Set common page size to SIZE
-z KEYWORD Ignored for Solaris compatibility
elf_x86_64:
--build-id[=STYLE] Generate build ID note
--audit=AUDITLIB Specify a library to use for auditing
-P AUDITLIB, --depaudit=AUDITLIB
Specify a library to use for auditing dependencies
-Bgroup Selects group name lookup rules for DSO
--disable-new-dtags Disable new dynamic tags
--enable-new-dtags Enable new dynamic tags
--eh-frame-hdr Create .eh_frame_hdr section
--hash-style=STYLE Set hash style to sysv, gnu or both
-z combreloc Merge dynamic relocs into one section and sort
-z defs Report unresolved symbols in object files.
-z execstack Mark executable as requiring executable stack
-z initfirst Mark DSO to be initialized first at runtime
-z interpose Mark object to interpose all DSOs but executable
-z lazy Mark object lazy runtime binding (default)
-z loadfltr Mark object requiring immediate process
-z muldefs Allow multiple definitions
-z nocombreloc Don't merge dynamic relocs into one section
-z nocopyreloc Don't create copy relocs
-z nodefaultlib Mark object not to use default search paths
-z nodelete Mark DSO non-deletable at runtime
-z nodlopen Mark DSO not available to dlopen
-z nodump Mark DSO not available to dldump
-z noexecstack Mark executable as not requiring executable stack
-z norelro Don't create RELRO program header
-z now Mark object non-lazy runtime binding
-z origin Mark object requiring immediate $ORIGIN
processing at runtime
-z relro Create RELRO program header
-z max-page-size=SIZE Set maximum page size to SIZE
-z common-page-size=SIZE Set common page size to SIZE
-z KEYWORD Ignored for Solaris compatibility
elf_l1om:
--build-id[=STYLE] Generate build ID note
--audit=AUDITLIB Specify a library to use for auditing
-P AUDITLIB, --depaudit=AUDITLIB
Specify a library to use for auditing dependencies
-Bgroup Selects group name lookup rules for DSO
--disable-new-dtags Disable new dynamic tags
--enable-new-dtags Enable new dynamic tags
--eh-frame-hdr Create .eh_frame_hdr section
--hash-style=STYLE Set hash style to sysv, gnu or both
-z combreloc Merge dynamic relocs into one section and sort
-z defs Report unresolved symbols in object files.
-z execstack Mark executable as requiring executable stack
-z initfirst Mark DSO to be initialized first at runtime
-z interpose Mark object to interpose all DSOs but executable
-z lazy Mark object lazy runtime binding (default)
-z loadfltr Mark object requiring immediate process
-z muldefs Allow multiple definitions
-z nocombreloc Don't merge dynamic relocs into one section
-z nocopyreloc Don't create copy relocs
-z nodefaultlib Mark object not to use default search paths
-z nodelete Mark DSO non-deletable at runtime
-z nodlopen Mark DSO not available to dlopen
-z nodump Mark DSO not available to dldump
-z noexecstack Mark executable as not requiring executable stack
-z norelro Don't create RELRO program header
-z now Mark object non-lazy runtime binding
-z origin Mark object requiring immediate $ORIGIN
processing at runtime
-z relro Create RELRO program header
-z max-page-size=SIZE Set maximum page size to SIZE
-z common-page-size=SIZE Set common page size to SIZE
-z KEYWORD Ignored for Solaris compatibility

Report bugs to <http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla/>

--oformat TARGET

指定链接输出的文件格式。这里的TARGET指定的是bfdname，表示输出文件是哪种BFD格式。

可通过objdump工具查看支持的格式

# objdump -i

BFD header file version version 2.20.51.0.2-5.48.el6 20100205

elf32-i386

(header little endian, data little endian)

i386

a.out-i386-linux

(header little endian, data little endian)

i386

pei-i386

(header little endian, data little endian)

i386

elf64-x86-64

(header little endian, data little endian)

i386

elf64-l1om

(header little endian, data little endian)

l1om

elf64-little

(header little endian, data little endian)

i386

l1om

elf64-big

(header big endian, data big endian)

i386

l1om

elf32-little

(header little endian, data little endian)

i386

l1om

elf32-big

(header big endian, data big endian)

i386

l1om

srec