Hadoop Hive sql语法详解

1. DDL Operations
创建表：

hive> CREATE TABLE pokes (foo INT, bar STRING);
创建表并创建索引字段ds

hive> CREATE TABLE invites (foo INT, bar STRING) PARTITIONED BY (ds STRING);
显示所有表：

hive> SHOW TABLES;
按正条件（正则表达式）显示表，

hive> SHOW TABLES '.*s';
表添加一列 ：

hive> ALTER TABLE pokes ADD COLUMNS (new_col INT);
添加一列并增加列字段注释

hive> ALTER TABLE invites ADD COLUMNS (new_col2 INT COMMENT 'a comment');
更改表名：

hive> ALTER TABLE events RENAME TO 3koobecaf;
删除列：

hive> DROP TABLE pokes;
2. 元数据存储：
将文件中的数据加载到表中

hive> LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH './examples/files/kv1.txt' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE pokes;
加载本地数据，同时给定分区信息

hive> LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH './examples/files/kv2.txt' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE invites PARTITION (ds='2008-08-15');
加载DFS数据 ，同时给定分区信息

hive> LOAD DATA INPATH '/user/myname/kv2.txt' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE invites PARTITION (ds='2008-08-15');
The above command will load data from an HDFS file/directory to the table. Note that loading data from HDFS will result in moving the file/directory. As a result, the operation is almost instantaneous.
3. SQL 操作
按先件查询

hive> SELECT a.foo FROM invites a WHERE a.ds='<DATE>';
将查询数据输出至目录：

hive> INSERT OVERWRITE DIRECTORY '/tmp/hdfs_out' SELECT a.* FROM invites a WHERE a.ds='<DATE>';
将查询结果输出至本地目录：

hive> INSERT OVERWRITE LOCAL DIRECTORY '/tmp/local_out' SELECT a.* FROM pokes a;
选择所有列到本地目录 ：

hive> INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT a.* FROM profiles a;
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT a.* FROM profiles a WHERE a.key < 100;
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE LOCAL DIRECTORY '/tmp/reg_3' SELECT a.* FROM events a;
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE DIRECTORY '/tmp/reg_4' select a.invites, a.pokes FROM profiles a;
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE DIRECTORY '/tmp/reg_5' SELECT COUNT(1) FROM invites a WHERE a.ds='<DATE>';
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE DIRECTORY '/tmp/reg_5' SELECT a.foo, a.bar FROM invites a;
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE LOCAL DIRECTORY '/tmp/sum' SELECT SUM(a.pc) FROM pc1 a;
将一个表的统计结果插入另一个表中：

hive> FROM invites a INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT a.bar, count(1) WHERE a.foo > 0 GROUP BY a.bar;
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT a.bar, count(1) FROM invites a WHERE a.foo > 0 GROUP BY a.bar;
JOIN
hive> FROM pokes t1 JOIN invites t2 ON (t1.bar = t2.bar) INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT t1.bar, t1.foo, t2.foo;
将多表数据插入到同一表中：

FROM src
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE dest1 SELECT src.* WHERE src.key < 100
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE dest2 SELECT src.key, src.value WHERE src.key >= 100 and src.key < 200
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE dest3 PARTITION(ds='2008-04-08', hr='12') SELECT src.key WHERE src.key >= 200 and src.key < 300
INSERT OVERWRITE LOCAL DIRECTORY '/tmp/dest4.out' SELECT src.value WHERE src.key >= 300;
将文件流直接插入文件：

hive> FROM invites a INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT TRANSFORM(a.foo, a.bar) AS (oof, rab) USING '/bin/cat' WHERE a.ds > '2008-08-09';
This streams the data in the map phase through the script /bin/cat (like hadoop streaming). Similarly - streaming can be used on the reduce side (please see the Hive Tutorial or examples)
4. 实际示例：
创建一个表

CREATE TABLE u_data (
userid INT,
movieid INT,
rating INT,
unixtime STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '/t'
STORED AS TEXTFILE;


下载示例数据文件，并解压缩
wget http://www.grouplens.org/system/files/ml-data.tar__0.gz
tar xvzf ml-data.tar__0.gz
加载数据到表中:

LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH 'ml-data/u.data'
OVERWRITE INTO TABLE u_data;
统计数据总量:

SELECT COUNT(1) FROM u_data;
现在做一些复杂的数据分析:

创建一个 weekday_mapper.py: 文件，作为数据按周进行分割
import sys
import datetime

for line in sys.stdin:
line = line.strip()
userid, movieid, rating, unixtime = line.split('/t')
生成数据的周信息

weekday = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(float(unixtime)).isoweekday()
print '/t'.join([userid, movieid, rating, str(weekday)])
使用映射脚本

//创建表，按分割符分割行中的字段值
CREATE TABLE u_data_new (
userid INT,
movieid INT,
rating INT,
weekday INT)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '/t';
//将python文件加载到系统
add FILE weekday_mapper.py;
将数据按周进行分割

INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE u_data_new
SELECT
TRANSFORM (userid, movieid, rating, unixtime)
USING 'python weekday_mapper.py'
AS (userid, movieid, rating, weekday)
FROM u_data;

SELECT weekday, COUNT(1)
FROM u_data_new
GROUP BY weekday;
处理Apache Weblog 数据

将WEB日志先用正则表达式进行组合，再按需要的条件进行组合输入到表中
add jar ../build/contrib/hive_contrib.jar;

CREATE TABLE apachelog (
host STRING,
identity STRING,
user STRING,
time STRING,
request STRING,
status STRING,
size STRING,
referer STRING,
agent STRING)
ROW FORMAT SERDE 'org.apache.hadoop.hive.contrib.serde2.RegexSerDe'
WITH SERDEPROPERTIES (
"input.regex" = "([^ ]*) ([^ ]*) ([^ ]*) (-|//[[^//]]*//]) ([^ /"]*|/"[^/"]*/") (-|[0-9]*) (-|[0-9]*)(?: ([^ /"]*|/"[^/"]*/") ([^ /"]*|/"[^/"]*/"))?",
"output.format.string" = "%1$s %2$s %3$s %4$s %5$s %6$s %7$s %8$s %9$s"
)
STORED AS TEXTFILE;

原文地址：http://blog.csdn.net/hguisu/article/details/7256833