ORACLE 命令大全(1)

内容包括三大项:
    1.oracle基本操作语句

    2.SQLServer基本操作语句

    3.各种数据库连接方法

**************************************************oracle基本操作语句********************************************************
打开服务器
net start oracleservice
打开监听器
lsnrctl start
关闭服务器
net stop oracleservicebinbo
关闭监听器
lsnrctl stop
===============================================================
清屏
	
****************************************************************
数据字典 ===========desc user_views(关键词)
****************************************************************
===============================================================
查看当前用户的角色
SQL>select * from user_role_privs;
===============================================================
查看当前用户的系统权限和表级权限
SQL>select * from user_sys_privs;
SQL>select * from user_tab_privs;
===============================================================
查看当前用户的缺省表空间
SQL>select username,default_tablespace from user_users;
===============================================================
换用户
conn as sysdba
sys
tsinghua
sqlplus "sys/tsinghua as sysdba"
conn sys/zl as sysdba
===============================================================
修改表结构
alter table test modify(name not null);
alter table test add(name varchar2(20));
alter table test drop column sex;
alter table test set unused column sex;
alter table test drop unused columns;
===============================================================
更改用户密码
sql>alter user 管理员 identified by 密码；
===============================================================
创建表空间的数据文件
sql>create tablespace test datafile 'd:\oracle\binbo.dbf' size 10m;
===============================================================
创建用户
sql>create user 用户名 identified by 用户名;
===============================================================
bfile类型实例
创建目录
create directory tnpdir as 'c:\';
删除目录
drop directory tnpdir
授权
crant read on directory tn pdir to scott;
建表
create table bfiletest(id number(3), fname bfile);
添加数据
insert into bfiletest values(1,bfilename('TMPDIR','tmptest.java'));
===============================================================
查看用户
sql>show user
===============================================================
检查语句是否有错
show error
===============================================================
锁定用户
sql>alter user 用户名 account lock
===============================================================
解除用户
sql>alter user 用户名 account unlock
===============================================================
删除用户
sql>drop user zl;
===============================================================
给用户创建表权限
sql>grant create table to 用户名;
===============================================================
授管理员权限
sql>grant dba to 用户名;
===============================================================
给用户登录权限
sql>grant connect to 用户名
===============================================================
给用户无限表空间权限
sql>grant unlinmited tablespace to 用户名;
===============================================================
收回权限
sql>revoke dba from 用户名;
===============================================================
查看用户下所有的表
            SQL>select * from user_tables;
===============================================================
查看名称包含log字符的表
            SQL>select object_name,object_id from user_objects
                where instr(object_name,'LOG')>0;
===============================================================
查看某表的创建时间
            SQL>select object_name,created from user_objects where object_name=upper('&table_name');
===============================================================
查看某表的大小
            SQL>select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as "size(M)" from user_segments
                where segment_name=upper('&table_name');
===============================================================
查看放在ORACLE的内存区里的表
            SQL>select table_name,cache from user_tables where instr(cache,'Y')>0;


===============================================================

再添加一个表空间的数据文件
sql>alter tablespace test add datafile 'd:\oracle\test1.dbf' size 10m;
===============================================================
建表    SQL>create table studen(stuno int,stuname varchar(8) not null,stubirth date default to_date('1987-5-9','YYYY-MM-DD'));
向表结构中加入一列  SQL>alter table studen add(stuphoto varchar(9));
从表结构中删除一列  SQL>alter table studen drop column stuphoto;
修改表一列的长度    SQL>alter table studen modify(stuno number(4));
隐藏将要删除的一列  SQL>alter table studen set unused column stuphoto;
删除隐藏的列        SQL>alter table studen drop unused columns;
向表中加入约束      SQL>alter table studen add constraint pk primary key(stuno);
删除约束            SQL>alter table studen drop constraint pk;
===============================================================
创建表

sql>create table 用户名(name varchar2(20),password varchar(20)) tablespace 空间名;
===============================================================
添加字段
sql>alter table test add(column_x char(10) not null);
===============================================================
更改字段
sql>alter table emp modify(column_x char (20));
===============================================================
删除字段
	如待删除域属于某个索引，则不允许删除操作，必须将此域先设置为NULL。
sql>alter table emp modify(column_x null);
sql>update emp set column_x=null;
sql>commit;
sql>alter table emp drop(column_x);
===============================================================
选择表空间
sql>alter user 用户名 default tablespace test;
===============================================================
管理员删除别的用户中的表
sql>drop table 用户名.表名;
===============================================================
退出
sql>exit;
===============================================================
默认进入
sql>sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
===============================================================
查看数据库
sql>show parameter block;
===============================================================
写大量语句用记事本，新建方式。
输入"ed"回车
保存后
输入"/"运行;
===============================================================
查询用户有多少表
sql>select * from tab;
===============================================================
SQLServer取时间
sql>select getdate
oracle 取时间
sql>sysdate;
===============================================================
操作表结构数据库定义语言命令
(不记录在日志文件中)
create table建表
sql>create table test(name varchar2(20),age date,sex char(2));
sql>insert into test(name,age,sex) values('aa',sysdate,'男');
sql>insert into test(name,age,sex) values('bb',to_date('1888-8-8',"yyyy-aa-dd hh24:mi:ss"),'男');
sql>select * from test;
===============================================================
查询男和女总数
sql>select sex,count(sex) from test group by sex;
---------------------------------------------------------------
test表中数据输入test1表中
SQLSserver---select * into test1 from test;
oracle---create table test1 as select * from test;
---------------------------------------------------------------
更改会话时间
sql>alter session set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss';
---------------------------------------------------------------
sql>show parameter block 表和视图
sql>show parameter date 查数据结构
---------------------------------------------------------------
SQLServer中
--删除表中相同数据
sql>create table test1 as select distinct * from test;
--删除表数据
sql>truncate table test;
--把test中数据输入到test1中
sql>insert into test(select * from test1);
---------------------------------------------------------------
rowid(表中存储地址相当表id)和rownum(表序号)称伪列(用法)
sql>select name,age,sex,rowid,rownum from test1;
查出前三行
sql>select * from test where rownum<=3;
查出后三行
sql>select * from (select name n,age a,sex s,rownum r from test) where r>(select count(*) from test)-3;
删除后三行
SQL> delete from test where name not in(select name from test where rownum<=(select count(*) from test)-3);
删除相同行
sql>delete from test where rowid not in(select max(rowid) from test group by name,age,sex);
删除所有表
sql>select  'drop table' ||tname|| ':' from tab;
sql>spool c:\test.sql;
sql>select  'drop table' ||tname|| ':' from tab;
sql>spool off
sql>@c:\test.sql;
---------------------------------------------------------------
alter table修改表
truncate table节段表(只删除数据)
drop table删除表
===============================================================
查看表结构
desc 表名;
===============================================================
查出成绩的前三名
sql>select * from (select * from stu order by score desc) where rownum<=3;
===============================================================
更改字符集
SQL>startup mount
SQL>alter system enable restricted session;
SQL>alter system set job_queue_processes=0;
SQL>alter database open;
SQL>alter database character set ZHS16GBK;
SQL>shutdown
SQL>startup
===============================================================
将一张表或几张表中的域重新组合后插入新表。
假定原先的两张表为emp,work，现选择部分数据域合并为emp_work
建立emp_work
SQL>insert into emp_new select a.no, sysdate, a.name, b.service_duration from emp a, work b where a.no=b.no;
SQL>commit;
这样的方式仍然要使用回滚段，为加快数据迁移速度，可将insert替换成insert /*+APPEND*/（大小写不论），指示oracle以直通方式直接写数据文件，绕过回滚空间。
SQL>insert /*+APPEND*/ into emp_new select a.no, sysdate, a.name, b.service_duration from emp a, work b where a.no=b.no;
SQL>commit;
===============================================================
DDL数据定义语言(create,alter,drop)
DML数据操纵语言(insert,select,delete,update)
TCL事务控制语言(commit,savepoint,rollback)
DCL数据控制语言(GRANT  REVOKE)
===============================================================

一个表中的某一列输到另一个表中
insert into stu1(name)(select name from stu);
===============================================================
事务
rollback;
insert into stu1(name)(select name from stu);
commit;提交
===============================================================
COMMIT - 提交并结束事务处理
ROLLBACK -  撤销事务中已完成的工作
SAVEPOINT – 标记事务中可以回滚的点
SQL>  update order_master set del_date ='30-8月-05' WHERE orderno <= 'o002';
	
SQL>  savepoint mark1;
SQL>  delete FROM order_master WHERE orderno = 'o002';
SQL>  savepoint mark2;
SQL>  rollback TO SAVEPOINT mark1;
SQL>  COMMIT;
===============================================================
换名
set sqlprompt "scott>";
===============================================================
GRANT 授予权限
SQL> GRANT SELECT ON vendor_master TO accounts WITH GRANT OPTION;
REVOKE 撤销已授予的权限
SQL> REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON order_master FROM MARTIN;
===============================================================
比较操作符 
SQL> SELECT vencode,venname,tel_no 
     FROM vendor_master 
     WHERE venname LIKE 'j___s';
SQL> SELECT orderno FROM order_master 
     WHERE del_date IN (‘06-1月-05’,‘05-2月-05');
SQL> SELECT itemdesc, re_level
     FROM  itemfile
     WHERE qty_hand < max_level/2;
===============================================================
逻辑操作符
SQL> SELECT * FROM order_master 
     WHERE odate > ‘10-5月-05' 
     AND del_date < ‘26-5月-05’;
===============================================================
集合操作符将两个查询的结果组合成一个结果
SQL> SELECT orderno FROM order_master 
     MINUS
     SELECT orderno FROM order_detail;
-----------------------------------------------------------------
select * from scott.stu
union (all)重复的去掉[intersect把相同的取出来][minus显示不相同的数]
select * from stu
-----------------------------------------------------------------
显示相同的数据
select name from stu intersect select name from stu1;
===============================================================
连接操作符
连接操作符用于将多个字符串或数据值合并成一个字符串
SQL> SELECT (venname|| ' 的地址是 '
     ||venadd1||' '||venadd2 ||' '||venadd3) address
     FROM vendor_master WHERE vencode='V001';
===============================================================
操作符的优先级
SQL 操作符的优先级从高到低的顺序是：
算术操作符           --------最高优先级
连接操作符
比较操作符
NOT 逻辑操作符
AND 逻辑操作符
OR   逻辑操作符   --------最低优先级 

===============================================================
用来转换空值的函数
NVL
NVL2
NULLIF
SELECT itemdesc, NVL(re_level,0) FROM itemfile;
SELECT itemdesc, NVL2(re_level,re_level,max_level) FROM itemfile;
SELECT itemdesc, NULLIF(re_level,max_level) FROM itemfile;
===============================================================
GROUP BY和HAVING子句

GROUP BY子句
用于将信息划分为更小的组
每一组行返回针对该组的单个结果

HAVING子句
用于指定 GROUP BY 子句检索行的条件

SELECT p_category, MAX(itemrate) FROM itemfile GROUP BY p_category;
SELECT p_category, MAX(itemrate) FROM itemfile GROUP BY p_category HAVING p_category NOT IN ('accessories');
===============================================================
ROW_NUMBER (row_number)返回连续的排位，不论值是否相等
RANK(rank) 具有相等值的行排位相同，序数随后跳跃
DENSE_RANK(dense_rank) 具有相等值的行排位相同，序号是连续的
SELECT d.dname, e.ename, e.sal, DENSE_RANK()
  OVER (PARTITION BY e.deptno ORDER BY e.sal DESC)
  AS DENRANK
FROM emp e, dept d WHERE e.deptno = d.deptno;
===============================================================
日期函数
ADD_MONTHS(当前只加月)
alter session set nls_date_format='yyyymmdd hh24miss';
select add_months(sysdate,2) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
MONTHS_BETWEEN(前面时间减后面时间=得之间月差)
select months_between(sysdate,to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd')) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
LAST_DAY(求得当前月的最后一天)
select last_day(sysdate) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
ROUND(round年-月-日-->四舍五入)
select round(2.3) from dual;
select round(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'year') from dual;
select round(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'month') from dual;
select round(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'day') from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
NEXT_DAY(下一星期的星期二）
select next_day(to_date('2007-6-10','yyyy-mm-dd'),'星期二') from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
TRUNC(trunc)
----------------------------------------------------------------
EXTRACT(extract)
select extract(year from date '1998-03-07') from dual;
select extract(month from to_date ('1998-03-07','yyyy-mm-dd')) from dual;

----------------------------------------------------------------
2008年2月有多少天
inbo---->select extract(day from last_day(to_date ('2008-02-07','yyyy-mm-dd'))) from dual;
----------------------------------------------------------------
2003-4-3与1956-3-1之间有多少天
inbo---->select round(months_between(to_date('2003-4-3','yyyy-mm-dd'),to_date('1956-3-1','yyyy-mm-dd'))/12) from dual;
===============================================================
把两边的9去掉
select trim('9' from '9999ddddddd99999') from dual;
去空格
select trim(' ' from '     9999ddddddd99999') from dual;
===============================================================
   函数                   输入                          输出
Initcap(char) 	          Select initcap(‘hello’) from dual;	                Hello 
Lower(char) 	          Select lower(‘FUN’) from dual;	                fun 
Upper(char)               Select upper(‘sun’) from dual;	                SUN 
Ltrim(char,set) 	  Select ltrim( ‘xyzadams’,’xyz’) from dual;        adams
Rtrim(char,set) 	  Select rtrim(‘xyzadams’,’ams’) from dual; 	xyzad 
Translate(char, from, to) Select translate(‘jack’,’j’ ,’b’) from dual;	back 
Replace(char,searchstring,[rep string])   Select replace(‘jack and jue’ ,’j’,’bl’) from dual;	black and blue 
Instr (char, m, n) 	  Select instr (‘worldwide’,’d’) from dual; 	 5 
Substr (char, m, n) 	  Select substr(‘abcdefg’,3,2) from dual; 	        cd 
Concat (expr1, expr2)	  Select concat (‘Hello’,’ world’) from dual; 	Hello world

===============================================================
数字函数接受数字输入并返回数值结果

   函数	   输入	  输出
Abs(n) 	        Select abs(-15) from dual; 	15

Ceil(n) 	Select ceil(44.778) from dual; 	45

Cos(n) 	        Select cos(180) from dual; 	-.5984601 

Cosh(n) 	Select cosh(0) from dual; 	1

Floor(n) 	Select floor(100.2) from dual; 	100

Power(m,n) 	Select power(4,2) from dual; 	16 

Mod(m,n) 	Select mod(10,3) from dual; 	1

Round(m,n) 	Select round(100.256,2) from dual; 	100.26 

Trunc(m,n) 	Select trunc(100.256,2) from dual; 	100.25 

Sqrt(n) 	Select sqrt(4) from dual; 	2 

Sign(n)	        Select sign(-30) from dual;	          -1

===============================================================
字符函数 
查看有多少个字符
SQL> SELECT LENGTH('frances') FROM dual;
-----------------------------------------------------------------
SQL> SELECT vencode, 
     DECODE(venname,'frances','Francis') name 
     FROM vendor_master WHERE vencode='v001';
-----------------------------------------------------------------
查找人是否存在 加字段decode主明是否有人
select name,decode(name,'rbb','有人') from stu;

===================================================================
排续
select dense_rank() over(partition by sex order by score) from test;
select row_number() over(order by score),name,sex,score from test;
select rank() over(order by score) from test;
select dense_rank() over(order by score) from test;
==========================================================================

创建同义词
SQL> create public synonym test for rbb.test;
SQL> create synonym test for mytest;
同一类的才可以替换,同义词替换同义词
替换
SQL> create or replace synonym emp_sysn for scott.emp;

**********************************************************************************************
创建序列
SQL>create sequence xule increment by 1 start with 1 maxvalue 999;
increment by  增长值
start with    起始值
maxvalue 最大值
minvalue 最小值
nocycle 不循环
chare 10缓存
xule.nextval  ===========下一个序列的值
xule.currval  ===========可以查询序列当前的值
更改序列 start with 不能改
alter sequence xule maxvalue 100 [sycle nocycle]；
**********************************************************************************************
序列用法
SQL>create table xl(name varchar2(4));
SQL>insert into test values(xule.nextval);
SQL>select xl.currval from dual;
**********************************************************************************************
删除序列
drop sequence x;
desc user_sequences
**********************************************************************************************
创建视图   视图中可以使用函数和表达式
create or replace view 
**********************************************************************************************
创建视图
SQL> create or replace view 视图名 as select * from rbb union all select * from rbbb union all select * from test;
SQL> create or replace view 视图名 as
  2  select empno as 编号,ename as 姓名 from scott.emp
  3  where deptno=10;
==========================================================================
如果在当前用户下没有这个视图就创建此视图
如果有此视图就覆盖此视图
create or replace view view_name as select empno,ename from emp where deptno=10;
**********************************************************************************************
在创建视图前要为当前用户授权
grant resource to scott;
create or replace view v_sal as select ename,sal from emp order by sal desc;
**********************************************************************************************
使用视图 
select * from v_sal;
**********************************************************************************************
删除一个视图
drop view view_name;
**********************************************************************************************
重新编译已有的视图
alter view view_name compile;
**********************************************************************************************
数据字典 ===========desc user_views
**********************************************************************************************

常用的转换函数有
TO_CHAR
SELECT TO_CHAR(sysdate,'YYYY"年"fmMM"月"fmDD"日" HH24:MI:SS') FROM dual;　

TO_DATE
SELECT TO_DATE('2005-12-06', 'yyyy-mm-dd') FROM dual;

TO_NUMBER
SELECT TO_NUMBER('100') FROM dual;
**********************************************************************************************
集合操作符
union all  连接两个表或者多个表为一个视图
MINUS 操作符返回从第一个查询结果中排除第二个查
询中出现的行。
INTERSECT 操作符只返回两个查询的公共行。
**********************************************************************************************

锁定的优点

1.一致性 - 一次只允许一个用户修改数据

2.完整性 - 为所有用户提供正确的数据。如果一个用户进行了修改并保存，所做的修改将反映给所有用户

3.并行性 －允许多个用户访问同一数据

行级锁和表级锁

行级锁:是一种排他锁,防止其他事务修改此行.

解锁：提交事务(commit),(rollback)
---------------------------------------------------------------
更新表数据:update test set score=80 where name='xiaoli';
--------------------------------------------------------------
自动提交
set autocommit on
set sutocommit off
------------------------------------------------------------
锁定某行更新语句
select * from scott.test where name='xiaoli' for update;
SELECT * FROM order_master WHERE vencode='V002' FOR UPDATE OF odate,del_date;
select * from scott.test where name='xiaoli' for update of score;

select * from scott.test atest,test b where a.name=b.name and b.name='bbb' for update of b.score; 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
等待update
select * from scott.test where name='xiaoli' for update wait 2;
select * from scott.test where name='xiaoli' for update nowait;

-------------------------------------------------------------------
表级锁：锁定整个表
表级锁语法:lock table 表名 in mode mode;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
行共享row share--行排他row exclusive--共享share-共享行排他share row exclusive-----排他exclusive
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
行共享(row share):lock table scott.test in (row share) mode;
[其他用户.行共享---其他用户.行排他---其他用户.共享----其他用户.共享行排他----其他用户.不可以(排他)]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
行排他(row exclusive):lock table scott.test in (row exclusive) mode;

[其他用户.行共享----其他用户.行排他----其他用户.不可以(共享)---其他用户.不可以(共享行排他)--其他用户.不可以(排他)]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
共享(share):lock table scott.test in (share) mode;

[其他用户.行共享---其他用户.不可以(行排他)---其他用户.共享----其他用户.不可以(共享行排他)---其他用户.不可以(排他)]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
共享行排他(share row exclusive):lock table scott.test in (share row exclusive) mode;

[其他用户.行共享,其他用户.不可以(行排他),其他用户.不可以(共享),其他用户.不可以(共享行排他),其他用户.不可以(排他)]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
排他(exclusive):lock table scott.test in (exclusive) mode;

[其他用户.不可以(行共享),其他用户.不可以(行排他),其他用户.不可以(共享),其他用户.不可以(共享行排他,)其他用户.不可以(排他)]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
死锁

当两个事务相互等待对方释放资源时，就会形成死锁

Oracle会自动检测死锁，并通过结束其中的一个事务来解决死锁
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

表分区

---范围分区
create table test(name varchar2(20),sex char(2),score number(3))
partition by range(score)
(
partition p1 values less than (50) tablespace users,
partition p2 values less than (80),
partitiom p3 values less than (maxvalue)
)
select * from test partition(p1) union select * from test partitiom(p3);
---
删除分区
alter table test drop partition p3;
添加分区
alter table test add partition p3 values less than (maxvalue);
拆分分区
alter table test split partition p2 at(60) 
into (partition p21,partition p22);
合并分区
alter table test merge partitions p21,p22 into partition p2;
截断分区(删除数据)
alter table test truncate partition p3;

现有表分区
create table str as select * from student;
drop table student;
create table student(
	studentid integer not null,
	studentname varchar2(20),
	score integer
)
partition by range(score)(
	partition p1 values less than(60),
	partition p2 values less than(75),
	partition p3 values less than(85),
	partition p4 values less than(maxvalue)
)
insert into student(select * from stu);


select * from test scott.emp@tsinghua

 

**********************************************************************************************

表分区
Oracle允许用户对表进一步的规化，即对表进一步拆分，将表分成若干个逻辑部分，每个部分称其为表分区
优点：增强可用性，单个分区出现故障，不影响其他分区
均衡的I/O，不同的分区可以映射到不同的磁盘   改善性能
**********************************************************************************************
①范围分区法
create table st(
	studentid integer not null,
	studentname varchar2(20),
	score integer
)
partition by range(score)(
	partition p1 values less than(60),
	partition p2 values less than(75),
	partition p3 values less than(85),
	partition p4 values less than(maxvalue)
)
========================select * from stu partition(p1)============
②散列分区
create table st(deptno int,deptname varchar(14))
partition by hash(deptno)(
partition p1,partition p2
)
组合分区
alter table test coalesce partition;
**********************************************************************************************
③复合分区
范围分区和列表分区
create table salgrade(
grade number(2),losal number(2),hisal number(2)
)
partition by range(grade)
subpartition by list(losal)
(
partition p1 values less than(10)

  (
   subpartition p1a values('湖北'),
   subpartition p1b values(default)
  ),
partition p2 values less than(20)
  (
   subpartition p1a values('河南'),
   subpartition p1b values(default)
  ),
partition p3 values less than(30)
  (
   subpartition p1a values('上海'),
   subpartition p1b values(default)
  )
)

范围分区和散列分区
create table salgrade(
grade number(2),losal number(2),hisal number(2)
)
partition by range(grade)
subpartition by hash(losal)
[subpartitions 5]
(
partition p1 values less than(10)(subpartition p1a,subpartition p1b),
partition p2 values less than(20)(subpartition p2a,subpartition p2b),
partition p3 values less than(30)(subpartition p3a,subpartition p3b)
)
--------------------------------------------
 create table salg(
 grade number(2),losal number(2),hisal number(2)
 )
 partition by range(grade)
 subpartition by hash(losal)
 subpartitions 3
 (
 partition p1 values less than(10),
 partition p2 values less than(20),
 partition p3 values less than(30)
 )
**********************************************************************************************
④列表分区
create table test stu(id int,name varchar(20),add varchar(8))
partition by list(add)
(
partition p1 values('中国'),
partition p2 values('英国'),
partition p3 values(default)
)
**********************************************************************************************
移动分区

alter table test move partition p5 tablespace users;

********************************************************************************************

修改存档

SQL> shutdown immediate
数据库已经关闭。
已经卸载数据库。
ORACLE 例程已经关闭。

SQL> startup mount
ORACLE 例程已经启动。

Total System Global Area  135338868 bytes                                       
Fixed Size                   453492 bytes                                       
Variable Size             109051904 bytes                                       
Database Buffers           25165824 bytes                                       
Redo Buffers                 667648 bytes                                       
数据库装载完毕。

SQL> alter database archivelog;

数据库已更改。
alter database open;

SQL> archive log list;
数据库日志模式            存档模式
自动存档             禁用
存档终点            d:\oracle\ora92\RDBMS
最早的概要日志序列     1
下一个存档日志序列   2
当前日志序列           2

SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest=true scope=spfile;

系统已更改。

SQL> alter database open;

数据库已更改。

SQL> spool off
********************************************************************************************

PL/SSQL(过程化语言) 声明部分 执行语句部分 异常处理部分

identifier constant datatype not null
[:=|default expr];



declare 
my number(5);
begin
 select quantity into my
from products where product='wawa'
for update of quantity;
if my>0 then
update products set quantity=quantity+1
where product='wawa';
insert into purchase_record
values('wawawa',sysdate);
end if;
commit;
Exception
where others then
dbms_output.put_line('chucuo'||SQLERRM);
END;

declare icode varchar2(6)
p_catg varchar2(20);
c_catg constant datatype:=0.10

数字类型
number
  decrmdl
  int/integer
  real(实数)
  binary_integer(带符号的整数)
  pls_integer(同上)
字符类型
character 
  char 3276
  Raw(2000)
  long/long Raw(32760)
  Rowid/rowid()
  varchar2 (string(nchar/nvarchar)/varchar)
日期时间
date
  timeStamp(固定日期dd-mm-yy 秒6位)
  子 timestamp with time zone
  ti timestamp(9)
布尔
boolean
  true
  false
  null
打印出时间
declare
test_tz timestamp with time zone;
begin test_tz:=to_timestamp_tz('2006-6-22 09:07:11','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss');
dbms_output.put_line(test_tz);
end;


lob类型
  BFILE
  BLOB
  CLOB
  NCLOB
属性类型
  %type  %rowtype
===============================================================
bfile类型实例
创建目录
create directory tnpdir as 'c:\';
删除目录
drop directory tnpdir
授权
crant read on directory tnpdir to scott;
建表
create table bfiletest(id number(3), fname bfile);
添加数据
insert into bfiletest values(1,bfilename('TMPDIR','tmptest.java'));

===============================================================
向数据库中添加图片
create directory images as 'c:\images';
crant read on directory images to scott;
create table my_diagrams(
chapter_descr varchar2(40);
diagram_no integer,
diagram blob
);

declare
  l_bfile bfile;
  l_blob blob;
begin
 insert into my_diagrams(diagram)
 values(emptv_blob())
 return diagram into l_blob;
 l_bfile:=bfilename('images','\nvimage.jpg');
 dbms_lob.open(l_bfile,dbms_lob.file_readonly);
 dbms_lob.loadfromfile(l_blob,l_bfile,dbms_lob,getlength(l_bfile));
 dbms_lob.close(l_bfile);
 commit;
end;

===============================================================
%type实例 查询
declare 
dtr dept.dname%type;
begin
select dname into str from dept where deptno=30;
dbms_output.put_line(str);
end;
set serverout on

===============================================================
%rowtype实例

declare
row dept%rowtype;
begin
select * into row from dept where deptno=30;
dbms_output.put.line(row.dname||' '||row.deptno||' '||row.loc);
//异常
exception
when no_data_found then
 dbms_output.put_lin('没有数据');
when too_many_rows(others) then
 dbms_output.put_lin('太多拉');
end;

===============================================================
格式

if 条件 then

elsif 条件 then

else

end if
===============================================================
格式

begin
 case'&grade'
  when 'a' then dbms_output.put_line('优异');
  when 'b' then dbms_output.put_line('良好');
  else dbms_output.put_line('其它')
 end case;
end;
===============================================================
外界变量
var vnm varchar2(20);
begin
:v:='aaaaa';
end;
打印
print v
===============================================================
loop实例

begin
loop
exit when 3>4;

end loop;
end;
===============================================================
while实例
begin
while (条件)condition loop
语句体;
end loop;
end;
===============================================================
循环实例
正
begin
for c in 1..10
loop
dbms_output.put_line(c);
end loop
end;
倒
begin
for c in reverse(倒) 1..10
loop
dbms_output.put_line(c);
end loop
end;
===============================================================

declare
 num number(3):=1;
begin
 while num<10 loop
  dbms_output.put_line(num);
  num:=num+1;
  end loop;
end;

declare
 num number(3):=1;
begin
 loop
  dbms_output.put_line(num);
  exit when num>10;//退出
  num:=num+1;
  end loop;
end;
===============================================================
goto实例
DECLARE
  qtyhand itemfile.qty_hand%type;
  relevel itemfile.re_level%type;
BEGIN
  SELECT qty_hand,re_level INTO qtyhand,relevel
  FROM itemfile WHERE itemcode = 'i201';
  IF qtyhand < relevel THEN
    GOTO updation;
  ELSE
    GOTO quit;
  END IF;
  <<updation>>
  UPDATE itemfile SET qty_hand = qty_hand + re_level
  WHERE itemcode = 'i201';
  <<quit>>
  NULL;
END;
===============================================================
动态SQL 查询
declare
cl varchar2(20);
va varchar2(20);
tb varchar2(20);
nm number(13);

begin
tb:='&table';
cl:='&aadd';
nm:=&num;
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 
'select '||cl||' from '||tb||' where '||cl||'=:1' into va using nm;
dbms_output.put_line(va);
end;


===============================================================
动态SQL 

declare

sql_stmt varchar2(200);
emp_id number(4):=7566;
emp_rec emp% rowtype;

begin
Execute immedlate
'create table bonus1(id number,amt number)';

sql_stmt:='select * from emp where empno=:id';
Execute immedlate sql_stmt into emp_rec using emp_id;

end;
===============================================================
declare
aaa varchar2(20);
num number(10);
bbb varchar2(20);
begin
aaa='&aaa';
num=&kkk;
execute immedlate 'select '||aaa||' from test where age=:a'into bbb using num;(标准SQL语句)
dbms_output.put_line(bbb);
end;
into 变量(给值)
:a(外界参数) using bb(邦定常量)

===============================================================
自己定义异常
declare 
invar exception;
cate varchar2(10);
begin
cate:='&cate';
if cate not in('aa','ff','dd') then
raise invar;
else
dbms_output.put_line('你输入的类别是:'||cate);
end if;
exception
when invar then
dbms_output.put_line('无法认识这个类别!');
raise_application_error(-20200,'自己写');
end;
让数据库真正出错
raise_application_error(-20200,'自己写');

例子2
declare 
rate itemfile.itemrate%type;
ratee exception;
begin
select nvl(itemrate,0) into rate from itemfile
where itemcode='i207';
if rate=0 then
raise ratee;
else
dbms_output.put_line('项费率是:'||rate);
end if;
exception
when ratee then
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, '未指定项费率');
end;
===============================================================
create procedure存储过程
===============================================================
创建标准索引
SQL> CREATE INDEX item_index ON itemfile (itemcode)
     TABLESPACE index_tbs;
重建索引
SQL> ALTER INDEX item_index REBUILD; 
删除索引
SQL> DROP INDEX item_index; 
唯一索引确保在定义索引的列中没有重复值
Oracle 自动在表的主键列上创建唯一索引
使用CREATE UNIQUE INDEX语句创建唯一索引
SQL> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX item_index
     ON itemfile (itemcode);
组合索引是在表的多个列上创建的索引
索引中列的顺序是任意的
如果 SQL 语句的 WHERE 子句中引用了组合索引的所有列或大多数列，则可以提高检索速度

SQL> CREATE INDEX comp_index
     ON itemfile(p_category, itemrate);
反向键索引反转索引列键值的每个字节
通常建立在值是连续增长的列上，使数据均匀地分布在整个索引上
创建索引时使用REVERSE关键字
SQL> CREATE INDEX rev_index 
     ON itemfile (itemcode) REVERSE;
SQL> ALTER INDEX rev_index REBUID NOREVERSE;
位图索引适合创建在低基数列上
位图索引不直接存储ROWID，而是存储字节位到ROWID的映射
减少响应时间
节省空间占用
SQL> CREATE BITMAP INDEX bit_index
     ON order_master (orderno);
基于一个或多个列上的函数或表达式创建的索引
表达式中不能出现聚合函数
不能在LOB类型的列上创建
创建时必须具有 QUERY REWRITE 权限
SQL> CREATE INDEX lowercase_idx 
     ON toys (LOWER(toyname));
SQL> SELECT toyid FROM toys
     WHERE LOWER(toyname)='doll';
与索引有关的数据字典视图有：
USER_INDEXES － 用户创建的索引的信息
USER_IND_PARTITIONS － 用户创建的分区索引的信息
USER_IND_COLUMNS － 与索引相关的表列的信息
SQL> SELECT INDEX_NAME, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME
     FROM USER_IND_COLUMNS
     ORDER BY INDEX_NAME, COLUMN_POSITION;
可以将索引存储在不同的分区中
与分区有关的索引有三种类型：
局部分区索引 － 在分区.
表上创建的索引，在每个表分区上创建独立的索引，索引的分区范围与表一致
全局分区索引 － 在分区表或非分区表上创建的索引，索引单独指定分区的范围，与表的分区范围或是否分区无关
全局非分区索引 － 在分区表上创建的全局普通索引，索引没有被分区

SQL> CREATE TABLE ind_org_tab (
     vencode NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY,
       venname VARCHAR2(20)
    ) 
    ORGANIZATION INDEX;
与索引有关的数据字典视图有：
USER_INDEXES － 用户创建的索引的信息
USER_IND_PARTITIONS － 用户创建的分区索引的信息
USER_IND_COLUMNS － 与索引相关的表列的信息

SQL> SELECT INDEX_NAME, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME
     FROM USER_IND_COLUMNS
     ORDER BY INDEX_NAME, COLUMN_POSITION;


----游标简介

逐行处理查询结果,经编程的方式访问数据

---游标类型:
隐式游标:在 PL/SQL 程序中执行DML SQL 语句时自动创建隐式游标。
显式游标:显式游标用于处理返回多行的查询。
REF 游标:REF 游标用于处理运行时才能确定的动态 SQL 查询的结果

------隐式游标的属性有：
%FOUND – SQL 语句影响了一行或多行时为 TRUE
%NOTFOUND – SQL 语句没有影响任何行时为TRUE
%ROWCOUNT – SQL 语句影响的行数
%ISOPEN  - 游标是否打开，始终为FALSE


删除游标 

delete from table_name where cursor of cursor_name;
===============================================================
------隐式游标示例
------too_many_rows的用法!

  1  declare
  2  empid varchar2(20);
  3  begin
  4  select name into empid from test;
  5  exception
  6  when too_many_rows then
  7  dbms_output.put_line('该查询多于两行!');
  8* end;
SQL> /
该查询多于两行!

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

===============================================================

------no_data_found的用法!
SQL> set serverout on
SQL> ed
已写入文件 afiedt.buf

  1  declare
  2  empid varchar2(20);
  3  desig varchar2(20);
  4  begin
  5  empid:='&emp';
  6  select name into desig from test where name=empid;
  7  dbms_output.put_line('你查询的名字是:'||desig);
  8  exception
  9  when no_data_found then
 10  dbms_output.put_line('没有时间！');
 11* end;
SQL> /
输入 emp 的值:  xiaoli
原值    5: empid:='&emp';
新值    5: empid:='xiaoli';
你查询的名字是:xiaoli

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

SQL> /
输入 emp 的值:  ss
原值    5: empid:='&emp';
新值    5: empid:='ss';
没有时间！

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

===============================================================
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> begin
  2  update test set name='renbinbo' where name='binbo';
  3  if sql%found then
  4  dbms_output.put_line('表已经更新!');
  5  end if;
  6  end;
  7  /
test_t表中name也已经更新!
表已经更新!

===============================================================
SQL>
  declare
   aa varchar2(20);
  bb varchar2(20);
   begin
  bb:='&bb';
   select score into aa from test where name=bb;
   if sql%found then
   dbms_output.put_line(bb||'的分数为:'||aa);
   end if;
  end;
SQL> /
输入 bb 的值:  renbinbo
原值    5: bb:='&bb';
新值    5: bb:='renbinbo';
renbinbo的分数为:100

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
===============================================================
SQL> ed
已写入文件 afiedt.buf

  1  declare
  2  my_toy rbb.test.name%type;
  3  cursor toy_cur is
  4  select name from test where name='xiaoli';
  5  begin
  6  open toy_cur;
  7  loop
  8  fetch toy_cur into my_toy;
  9  exit when toy_cur%notfound;
 10  dbms_output.put_line('你查询人的姓名:'||my_toy);
 11  end loop;
 12  close toy_cur;
 13* end;
SQL> /
你查询人的姓名:xiaoli

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

SQL> ed
已写入文件 afiedt.buf

  1  declare
  2  name_n rbb.test.name%type;
  3  sex_s rbb.test.name%type;
  4  sex_t rbb.test.name%type;
  5  cursor test_t is
  6  select name,sex,score from test;
  7  begin
  8  open test_t;
  9  dbms_output.put_line('你所查资料列表:');
 10  loop
 11  fetch test_t into name_n,sex_s,sex_t;
 12  exit when test_t%notfound;
 13  dbms_output.put_line(name_n||'  '||sex_s||'  '||sex_t);
 14  end loop;
 15  close test_t;
 16* end;
 17  /
你所查资料列表:
xiaoli  女   90
renbinbo  男   100
xiaoming  男   89
xiaowang  男   91
xiaohua  女   98
yunfeng  男   88
wangming  男   78
wuming  男   98
xiaobin  男   68
binbin  男   44
tianhua  女   55
liyun  女   65

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

===============================================================

bibno-->ed
已写入文件 afiedt.buf

  1  declare
  2  cursor test_cur is
  3  select name,sex,score from test;
  4  begin
  5  dbms_output.put_line('用户资料列表:');
  6  for namet in test_cur
  7  loop
  8  dbms_output.put_line(namet.name||' '||namet.sex||' '||namet.score);
  9  end loop;
 10* end;
 11  /
用户资料列表:
xiaoli 女  90
renbinbo 男  100
xiaoming 男  89
xiaowang 男  91
xiaohua 女  98
yunfeng 男  88
wangming 男  78
wuming 男  98
xiaobin 男  68
binbin 男  44
tianhua 女  55
liyun 女  65

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。

===============================================================

带参数的显式游标
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
SQL> DECLARE
		desig    VARCHAR2(20);
		emp_code VARCHAR2(5);
		empnm    VARCHAR2(20);
		CURSOR emp_cur(desigparam VARCHAR2) IS
		 SELECT empno, ename FROM employee
		 WHERE designation=desig;
     BEGIN
		desig:= '&desig';
		OPEN emp_cur(desig);
		LOOP
			FETCH emp_cur INTO emp_code,empnm;
			EXIT WHEN emp_cur%NOTFOUND;
			DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(emp_code||' '||empnm);
  		END LOOP;
		CLOSE emp_cur;
     END;
===============================================================
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
SQL> DECLARE
  new_price NUMBER;
  CURSOR cur_toy IS
    SELECT toyprice FROM toys WHERE toyprice<100
    FOR UPDATE OF toyprice;
BEGIN
  OPEN cur_toy;
  LOOP
    FETCH cur_toy INTO new_price;
    EXIT WHEN cur_toy%NOTFOUND;
    UPDATE toys
    SET toyprice = 1.1*new_price
    WHERE CURRENT OF cur_toy;
  END LOOP;
  CLOSE cur_toy;
  COMMIT;
END;

===============================================================
游标变量的功能强大，可以简化数据处理

游标变量的优点有:
1.可从不同的 SELECT 语句中提取结果集
2.可以作为过程的参数进行传递
3.可以引用游标的所有属性
4.可以进行赋值运算

使用游标变量的限制：
1.不能在程序包中声明游标变量
2.FOR UPDATE子句不能与游标变量一起使用
3.不能使用比较运算符
===============================================================
===============================================================




创建过程
create procedure test_b(test varchar2,test1 number)
as
begin

dbms_output.put_line(test);
dbms_output.put_line(test1);
end;



create procedure test_c(test varchar2,test1 char)
as
aa varchar2(20);
bb char(10);
begin
select name into aa from test where name=test;
dbms_output.put_line(aa);
 select age into bb from test where age=test1;
dbms_output.put_line(bb);
end;
===============================================================
创建函数
create or replace function test_binbo return varchar2
as
begin
return '我爱你!';
end
执行:
select test_binbo from dual;

 create or replace function test_binbo return varchar2
 as
 aa varchar2(20);
 bb char(3);
 begin
 bb:='&bb';
 select name into aa from test where sex=bb;
 return 'name';
 end;
执行:
select test_binbo from dual;

create or replace function item_price_range(price number)
return varchar2 as
min_price number;
max_price number;
begin
select max(itemrate),min(temrate) into max_price,min_price
from test;
if price>=min_price and price<=max_price then
return '将计就计机';
else
return '哩哩啦啦理论';
end if;
end;
执行:
select test_binbo from dual;
===============================================================
自主事务处理
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE p1 AS 
  b VARCHAR2(50);
BEGIN
  UPDATE vendor_master SET venadd1='10 Walls Street' 
  WHERE vencode='V002';
  P2();
  SELECT venadd1 INTO b 
  FROM vendor_master WHERE vencode='V002';
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(b);
END;
/
执行
EXECUTE p1;

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE p2 AS
  a VARCHAR2(50);
  PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION;
BEGIN
  SELECT venadd1 INTO a 
  FROM vendor_master WHERE vencode='V002';
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(a);
  ROLLBACK;
END;
/

===============================================================
创建程序包


SQL> ed
已写入文件 afiedt.buf

  1  create or replace package package_me as
  2  procedure proc_test(test varchar2);
  3  function fun_test(funt varchar2) return varchar2;
  4* end;
  5  /

程序包已创建。

已写入文件 afiedt.buf

  1  create or replace package body package_me as
  2  procedure proc_test(test varchar2) as
  3  nam varchar2(20);
  4  begin
  5  select name into nam from test where name=test;
  6  dbms_output.put_line('你所查的人的姓名是:'||nam);
  7  end;
  8  function fun_test(funt varchar2) return varchar2 as
  9  funn varchar2(20);
 10  begin
 11  select next_day(funt,'星期六')-7 into funn from dual;
 12  return funn;
 13  end;
 14* end package_me;
SQL> /

程序包主体已创建。
SQL> select package_me.fun_test('2008-10-16') from dual;

PACKAGE_ME.FUN_TEST('2008-10-16')
---------------------------------------------------------

2008-10-11

SQL> exec package_me.proc_test('xiaoli');
你所查的人的姓名是:xiaoli
PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
===============================================================
create or replace package pack_me as
procedure order_pr(orn varchar2);
function order_fu(onr varchar2) return varchar2;
end pack_me;
/

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY pack_me AS
  PROCEDURE order_proc (orno VARCHAR2) IS
    stat CHAR(1);
  BEGIN
    SELECT ostatus INTO stat FROM order_master
    WHERE orderno = orno;
    IF stat = 'p' THEN
      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('暂挂的订单');
    ELSE
      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('已完成的订单');
    END IF;
  END order_proc;
  
  FUNCTION order_fun(ornos VARCHAR2)
  RETURN VARCHAR2
  IS
    icode   VARCHAR2(5);
    ocode   VARCHAR2(5);
    qtyord  NUMBER;
    qtydeld NUMBER;
  BEGIN
    SELECT qty_ord, qty_deld, itemcode, orderno
    INTO   qtyord, qtydeld, icode, ocode
    FROM order_detail
    WHERE orderno = ornos;
    IF qtyord < qtydeld THEN
      RETURN ocode;
    ELSE
      RETURN icode;
    END IF;
  END order_fun;
END pack_me;
/

===============================================================

执行
EXECUTE pack_me.order_proc('o002');

DECLARE
  msg VARCHAR2(10);
BEGIN
  msg := pack_me.order_fun('o002');
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('值是 ' || msg);
END;

/

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY cur_pack AS
 CURSOR ord_cur(vcode VARCHAR2)
 RETURN order_master%ROWTYPE IS 
 SELECT * FROM order_master
 WHERE VENCODE=vcode;
 PROCEDURE ord_pro(vcode VARCHAR2) IS
   or_rec order_master%ROWTYPE;
 BEGIN
  OPEN ord_cur(vcode); 
  LOOP
    FETCH ord_cur INTO or_rec;
    EXIT WHEN ord_cur%NOTFOUND;
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LIne('返回的值为' || or_rec.orderno);
  END LOOP;
 END ord_pro;
END cur_pack;

EXEC cur_pack.ord_pro('V001');
===============================================================


COLUMN OBJECT_NAME FORMAT A18

SELECT object_name, object_type
FROM USER_OBJECTS
WHERE object_type IN ('PROCEDURE', 'FUNCTION',
 'PACKAGE', 'PACKAGE BODY');

DESC USER_SOURCE

COLUMN LINE FORMAT 9999
COLUMN TEXT FORMAT A50

SELECT line, text FROM USER_SOURCE
WHERE NAME='TEST';

DESC pack_me;

===============================================================

数据库级触发器
CREATE TABLE system.session_info (
  username   VARCHAR2(30),
  logontime  DATE,
  session_id VARCHAR2(30),
  ip_addr    VARCHAR2(30),
  hostname   VARCHAR2(30),
  auth_type  VARCHAR2(30)
);
显示
set serverout on

create or replace trigger trg_session_info defore logoff on database
declare
session_id varchar2(30);
ip_addr    varchar2(30);
hostname   varchar2(30);
auth_type  varchar2(30);
logontime  date;

begin
 select sys_context('userenv','sessionid') -- 会话编号
  --  用户登录的客户端IP地址 
 select sys_context('userenv','ip_address') into ip_addr from dual;
  --  用户登录的客户端主机名  
 select sys_context('usernv','host') into hostname from dual;
  --  登录认证方式，数据库认证或外部认证
 select sys_context('usernv','authentication_type') into auth_type from dual;
 insert into system.session_info values (user,sysdate,session_id,ip_addr,hostname,auth_type);
end;
SELECT * FROM system.session_info;
===============================================================
对表employees创建触发器
create or replace trigger tr_employee after update on employees 
for each row
begin
 if(:new.salary>40000) then
	raise_application_error(-20002,'职员工资不能超过 40000');
 end if;
end;
===============================================================

create or replace procedure demo(salary in number) as
  cursor_name integer;
  rows_processed interger;
begin
  cursor_name:=dbms_sql.open_cursor;
  dbms_sql.parse(cursor_name,'delete from salary_records where empsal>:temp_sal',dbms_sql.native);
  dbms_sql.bind_variable(cursor_name,':temp_sal',salay);
  rows_processed:=dbms_sql.execute(cursor_name);
  dbms_sql.close_cursor(crusor_name);
exception
  when others then
    dbms_sql.close_cursor(cursor_name);
end;
===============================================================
1.写一个带程序包的函数，只要传入文件名和地址就可以把这个文件的内容存到BLOB类型的字段中。
binbo>create directory tnpdir as 'c:\bfile';
binbo>grant read on directory tnpdir to scott;
binbo>CREATE TABLE my_dia
(
  chapter_descr VARCHAR2(40),
  diagram_no INTEGER,
  diagram BLOB 
);

DECLARE
  l_bf  BFILE;
  l_bl BLOB;
BEGIN
  INSERT INTO my_dia (diagram)
  VALUES (EMPTY_BLOB())
  RETURN diagram INTO l_bl;
  l_bf := BFILENAME('jsp', '\test.jsp');
  DBMS_LOB.OPEN(l_bf, DBMS_LOB.FILE_READONLY);
  DBMS_LOB.LOADFROMFILE(l_bl, l_bf, DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(l_bf));
  DBMS_LOB.CLOSE(l_bf);
  COMMIT;
END;
===============================================================
2.有一张表，字段的值是这样的：name varchar2(20),sex char(2),score number(3)。其中的SCORE字段为分数字段。请用一条SQL语句把九十分以上的显示为A。九十到七十分的为B。七十分以下的为C。

binbo>create table test(name varchar2(20),sex char(2),score number(3));
binbo>select name,sex,case when score<=70 then 'C'
when score<=90 and score>70 when 'B'
when score>90 when 'A'
end case from test;
===============================================================
3.有一个表，其中有一个字段为自动增长的数据类型。请在ORACLE中实现。
binbo>create table test(id number,name varchar2(20));
create sequence seq_test increment by 1 start with 1 maxvalue 999;
create or replace trigger tr_test before insert or update of id on test
for each row
begin
if insert into then
select seq_test.nextval into :new.id from dual;
else
raise_application_error(-20002,'不允许更新ID序列!');
end if;
end;
===============================================================
4.如何删除一个用户下的所有表。

binbo>spool c:\test.sql
binbo>select 'drop table '||tname||';'from tab;
binbo>spool off
binbo>@c:\test;
===============================================================
5。如何把数据库的日志模式从归档模式变为非归档模式

binbo>shutdown immediate
binbo>startup mount
binbo>alter database archivelog;
binbo>archive log list;
binbo>alter system set log_archive_dest=false scope=spfile;
binbo>alter database open;
===============================================================

6。建立一个用户和表空间，在这个用户和表空间下建立一张表。并授予SCOTT用户查询权利。
binbo>create user binbo identified by binbo;
binbo>create tablespace test datafile 'e:\test.dbf' size 10m;
binbo>GRANT SELECT ON scott.test to scott;
===============================================================
7。写一个过程，计算某个月有多少天。
 create or replace procedure dept(test in varchar2)
 as
 aa varchar2(20);
  begin
 select extract(day from last_day(to_date (test,'yyyy-mm'))) into aa from dual;
  dbms_output.put_line(aa);
  end;
===============================================================
8。有一章表，字段为name,sex,score，score字段为分数字段，查询出这个班的第五名到第七名的人的姓名。
binbo>create table test(name varchar2(20),sex char(3),score number(3));
binbo>select * from (select name n,score sc,rownum r from (select name,score,rownum from test order by score desc)) where r between 5 and 7;
===============================================================
9。查询出当前这个星期的星期六是几号。

binbo>select next_day(sysdate,'星期六') from dual;
===============================================================
10。做一个外键关联的两个表。然后用触发器做级联更新。
create table test(name varchar2(20),sex char(3),score number(3));
 create table test_t(name varchar2(20));

 create or replace trigger test_test before insert or update of name on test
 for each row
 begin
 if inserting then
  insert into test_t(name) values (:new.name);
  dbms_output.put_line('test_t表中name也已经插入!');
 elseif updating then
  update test_t set name=:new.name where name=old.name;
  dbms_output.put_line('test_t表中name也已经更新!');
 elseif deleting then
  delete from test_t where name=:old.name;
  dbms_output.put_line('test_t表中name也已经删除!');
 else
  raise_application_error(-20002,'不允许更新test表中的name字段');
 end if;
 end;

===============================================================
---从外界向数据库中插入数据
SQL> create table test_file(name varchar(30),shell varchar2(30));
表已创建。

G:盘data.ctl:(tab键隔开时间用x'09')
load data into table test_file fields terminated by '=='(name,shell);

G:盘data.txt:
aaaaaaaa==11111111
bbbbbbbb==22222222
cccccccc==33333333
binbo==hehehehe


C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>sqlldr rbb/rbb control=G:\data.ctl data=G:\data.txt

SQL*Loader: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on 星期二 7月 10 20:37:47 2007

Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation.  All rights reserved.

达到提交点，逻辑记录计数3
达到提交点，逻辑记录计数4

SQL> select * from test_file;

NAME                           SHELL
------------------------------ ------------------------------
aaaaaaaa                       11111111
bbbbbbbb                       22222222
cccccccc                       33333333
binbo                          hehehehe




===============================================================
 declare
   result clob;
   xmlstr varchar2(32767);
   line varchar2(2000);
   line_no integer:=1;
   begin
   result:=dbms_xmlquery.getxml('select * from test');
   xmlstr:=dbms_lob.substr(result,32767);
   loop
  exit when xmlstr is null;
 line:=substr(xmlstr,1,instr(xmlstr,chr(10))-1);
  dbms_output.put_line(line_no||':'||line);
  xmlstr:=substr(xmlstr,instr(xmlstr,chr(10))+1);
  line_no:=line_no+1;
 end loop;
 end;
SQL> /

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。



SQL> select instr('abcdefsfssdfabcabcsdfs','bc',2,2) "instring" from dual;

  instring
----------
        14

===============================================================
---创建表中自动增长列(利用触发器)
//创建表
create table test_bin(id number(3),name varchar2(20));
//创建序列
create sequence test_sq increment by 1 start with 1 maxvalue 1000;
//创建触发器
行级触发器
create or replace trigger test_test before insert or update of id on test_bin
for each row
begin
if inserting then
select test_sq.nextval into :new.id from dual;
else
raise_application_error(-20002,'不允许更新id');
end if;
end;
===============================================================
语句级触发器

create or replace trigger trgdemo after insert or update or delete on order_master
begin
 if updating then
  dbms_output.put_line('已更新order_master中的数据');
 elseif deleting then
  dbms_output.put_line('已删除order_master中的数据');
 elseif inserting then
  dbms_output.put_line('已在order_master中插入数据');
 end if;
end;
===============================================================
instead of 触发器(主要用在视图中[视图中只能有for each row])

create or replace trigger upda_ord instead of update on ord_view 
for each row
begin
  update order_master set vencode=:new.vencode where orderno=:new.orderno;
  dbms_output.put_line('已激活触发器');
end;
===============================================================
触发器由三部分组成：
触发器语句（事件）
定义激活触发器的 DML 事件和 DDL 事件
触发器限制
执行触发器的条件，该条件必须为真才能激活触发器
触发器操作（主体）
包含一些 SQL 语句和代码，它们在发出了触发器语句且触发限制的值为真时运行

===============================================================
触发器类型

DDL 触发器
数据库级触发器
DML 触发器
语句级触发器
行级触发器
INSTEAD OF 触发器
===============================================================
模式触发器
create table dropped_obj(obj_name varchar2(30),obj_type varchar2(20),drop_date date);

create or replace trigger log_drop_obj after drop on schema 
begin
 insert into dropped_obj values(ora_dict_obj_name,ora_dict_obj_type,sysdate);
end;
===============================================================
启用和禁用触发器
alter trigger aiu_name disable;
alter trigger aiu_name enable;
===============================================================
删除触发器
drop trigger aiu_name;
===============================================================
user_triggers数据字典视图包含有关触发器的信息
select trigger_name from user_triggers where table_name='emp';

select trigger_type,triggering_event,when_clause from user_triggers
 where trigger_name='biu_emp_deptno';
===============================================================
dbms_output包显示pl/sql块和子程序的调试信息
set serveroutput on
BEGIN
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('打印三角形');
  FOR i IN 1..9 LOOP
    FOR j IN 1..i LOOP
      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT('*');
    END LOOP for_j;
    DBMS_OUTPUT.NEW_LINE;
  END LOOP for_i;
END;
打印三角形
*
**
***
****
*****
******
*******
********
*********

PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。
===============================================================
1.DBMS_LOB 包提供用于处理大型对象的过程和函数
2.DBMS_XMLQUERY 包用于将查询结果转换为 XML 格式
DECLARE  result CLOB;
  xmlstr VARCHAR2(32767);
  line   VARCHAR2(2000);
  line_no INTEGER := 1;
BEGIN
  result := DBMS_XMLQuery.getXml('SELECT * FROM test');
  xmlstr := DBMS_LOB.SUBSTR(result,32767);
 LOOP
  EXIT WHEN xmlstr IS NULL;
  line := SUBSTR(xmlstr,1,INSTR(xmlstr,CHR(10))-1);
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(line_no || ':' || line);
  xmlstr := SUBSTR(xmlstr,INSTR(xmlstr,CHR(10))+1);
  line_no := line_no + 1;
 END LOOP;
END;


===============================================================
一些常用的内置程序包：
DBMS_OUTPUT 包输出 PL/SQL 程序的调试信息
DBMS_LOB 包提供操作 LOB 数据的子程序
DBMS_XMLQUERY 将查询结果转换为 XML 格式
DBMS_RANDOM 提供随机数生成器
UTL_FILE 用于读写操作</pr

  


  

    
    
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