Java中Abstract class与interface的差别

对于语法差别，很多文章都写了，就不再赘述了，这儿主要讲本质的差异

抽象类定义了其子类的核心特征和功能（is a），例如继承Thread通常表明该类“is a”线程

而接口只是定义了类的附加能力（-able/can-do），例如Runable表示可以单独运行的任务，但是并不是说该类is a线程；Comparable表示类具有比较的功能，但是并不是说该类"is a"比较器

如果需要为子类添加或修改默认的行为，此时应该选择抽象类，而不是接口

如果需要为不相干的类提供公共的功能，应该使用接口；如果建立的模型在层次上很接近，应该选用抽象类

Interfaces vs Abstract Classes feature interface abstract class multiple inheritance default implementation constants third party convenience is-a vs -able or can-do plug-in homogeneity maintenance speed terseness adding functionality

A class may implement several interfaces.	A class may extend only one abstract class.
An interface cannot provide any code at all, much less default code.	An abstract class can provide complete code, default code, and/or just stubs that have to be overridden.
Static final constants only, can use them without qualification in classes that implement the interface . On the other paw, these unqualified names pollute the namespace. You can use them and it is not obvious where they are coming from since the qualification is optional.	Both instance and static constants are possible. Both static and instance intialiser code are also possible to compute the constants.
An interface implementation may be added to any existing third party class.	A third party class must be rewritten to extend only from the abstract class.
Interfaces are often used to describe the peripheral abilities of a class, not its central identity, e.g. An Automobile class might implement the Recyclable interface , which could apply to many otherwise totally unrelated objects.	An abstract class defines the core identity of its descendants. If you defined a Dog abstract class then Dalmatian descendants are Dogs, they are not merely dogable. Implemented interfaces enumerate the general things a class can do, not the things a class is. In a Java context, users should typically implement the Runnable interface rather than extending Thread , because they’re not really interested in providing some new Thread functionality, they normally just want some code to have the capability of running independently. They want to create something that can be run in a thread, not a new kind of thread.The similar is-a vs has-a debate comes up when you decide to inherit or delegate. multiple inheritance for further discussion of is-a vs has-a
You can write a new replacement module for an interface that contains not one stick of code in common with the existing implementations. When you implement the interface, you start from scratch without any default implementation. You have to obtain your tools from other classes; nothing comes with the interface other than a few constants. This gives you freedom to implement a radically different internal design.	You must use the abstract class as-is for the code base, with all its attendant baggage, good or bad. The abstract class author has imposed structure on you. Depending on the cleverness of the author of the abstract class, this may be good or bad.
If all the various implementations share is the method signatures, then an interface works best.	If the various implementations are all of a kind and share a common status and behaviour, usually an abstract class works best. Another issue that’s important is what I call "heterogeneous vs. homogeneous." If implementors/subclasses are homogeneous, tend towards an abstract base class. If they are heterogeneous, use an interface . (Now all I have to do is come up with a good definition of hetero/homo-geneous in this context.) If the various objects are all of-a-kind, and share a common state and behavior, then tend towards a common base class. If all they share is a set of method signatures, then tend towards an interface .
If your client code talks only in terms of an interface , you can easily change the concrete implementation behind it, using a factory method .	Just like an interface , if your client code talks only in terms of an abstract class, you can easily change the concrete implementation behind it, using a factory method .
Slow, requires extra indirection to find the corresponding method in the actual class. Modern JVMs are discovering ways to reduce this speed penalty.	Fast
The constant declarations in an interface are all presumed public static final , so you may leave that part out. You can’t call any methods to compute the initial values of your constants. You need not declare individual methods of an interface abstract . They are all presumed so.	You can put shared code into an abstract class, where you cannot into an interface . If interfaces want to share code, you will have to write other bubblegum to arrange that. You may use methods to compute the initial values of your constants and variables, both instance and static. You must declare all the individual methods of an abstract class abstract .
If you add a new method to an interface , you must track down all implementations of that interface in the universe and provide them with a concrete implementation of that method.	If you add a new method to an abstract class, you have the option of providing a default implementation of it. Then all existing code will continue to work without change.