装饰器模式定义:动态地将责任附加到对象上,若要扩展功能,装饰器提供了比继承更有弹性的替代方案
上例子,咖啡店现有几种咖啡,超优深焙(DarkRoast),无咖啡因咖啡(Decaf),浓咖啡(Espresso),有几种调料,牛奶(Milk),摩卡(Mocha),豆浆(Soy)
咖啡可以加任意调料,变化的可能有:咖啡种类,调料种类,调料价格
基于设计原则:类应该对扩展开放,对修改关闭,所以这些变化最好可以是动态去改变,这时候装饰器也就派上了用场
现上代码,再将原理:
/**
* 饮料,店内所有提供的饮料都必须继承此类
*/
public abstract class Beverage {
String description = "Unknown Beverage";
/**
* 由其子类描述饮料,例如:超优深焙(DarkRoast)
*/
public String getDescription() {
return description;
}
/**
* 价格,子类必须定义自己的实现
*/
public abstract double cost();
}
/**
* 调味装饰器
*/
public abstract class CondimentDecorator extends Beverage {
public abstract String getDescription();
}
/**
* 超优深焙
*/
public class DarkRoast extends Beverage {
public DarkRoast() {
description = "Dark Roast Coffee";
}
public double cost() {
return .99;
}
}
/**
* 无咖啡因咖啡
*/
public class Decaf extends Beverage {
public Decaf() {
description = "Decaf Coffee";
}
public double cost() {
return 1.05;
}
}
/**
* 浓咖啡
*/
public class Espresso extends Beverage {
public Espresso() {
description = "Espresso";
}
public double cost() {
return 1.99;
}
}
/**
* 加牛奶
*/
public class Milk extends CondimentDecorator {
Beverage beverage;
public Milk(Beverage beverage) {
this.beverage = beverage;
}
public String getDescription() {
return beverage.getDescription() + ", Milk";
}
public double cost() {
return .10 + beverage.cost();
}
}
/**
* 摩卡
*/
public class Mocha extends CondimentDecorator {
Beverage beverage;
public Mocha(Beverage beverage) {
this.beverage = beverage;
}
public String getDescription() {
return beverage.getDescription() + ", Mocha";
}
public double cost() {
return .20 + beverage.cost();
}
}
/**
* 豆浆
*/
public class Soy extends CondimentDecorator {
Beverage beverage;
public Soy(Beverage beverage) {
this.beverage = beverage;
}
public String getDescription() {
return beverage.getDescription() + ", Soy";
}
public double cost() {
return .15 + beverage.cost();
}
}
/**
* 覆盖奶泡
*/
public class Whip extends CondimentDecorator {
Beverage beverage;
public Whip(Beverage beverage) {
this.beverage = beverage;
}
public String getDescription() {
return beverage.getDescription() + ", Whip";
}
public double cost() {
return .10 + beverage.cost();
}
}
/**
* 咖啡点测试类
*/
public class StarbuzzCoffee {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Beverage beverage = new Espresso();
System.out.println(beverage.getDescription()
+ " $" + beverage.cost());
Beverage beverage2 = new DarkRoast();
beverage2 = new Mocha(beverage2);
beverage2 = new Mocha(beverage2);
beverage2 = new Whip(beverage2);
System.out.println(beverage2.getDescription()
+ " $" + beverage2.cost());
Beverage beverage3 = new HouseBlend();
beverage3 = new Soy(beverage3);
beverage3 = new Mocha(beverage3);
beverage3 = new Whip(beverage3);
System.out.println(beverage3.getDescription()
+ " $" + beverage3.cost());
}
}
OK,可以看出来装饰器的特点可有分为一下5个部分:
- 装饰者和被装饰者对象有相同的超类(都继承Beverage)
- 你可以用一个或者多个装饰者包装一个对象
- 因为有相同超类,所以可以在anywhere and anytime 用装饰过的对象代替被装饰者,即可以在运行时动态地装饰对象
-
装饰者可以在所委托的被装饰者的行为之前或之后,加上自己的行为,以达到特定的目的----------装饰器模式的用途
总结:明白了装饰器,在来看java.io.*,似乎可以更好的理解了,所谓装饰就是继承共同父类,然后包装,变化其行为
那就再贴个自己实现java.io的装饰器,代码如下:
/**
* 将所有字节转换为小写
*/
public class LowerCaseInputStream extends FilterInputStream {
public LowerCaseInputStream(InputStream in) {
super(in);
}
public int read() throws IOException {
int c = super.read();
//转换为小写
return (c == -1 ? c : Character.toLowerCase((char)c));
}
public int read(byte[] b, int offset, int len) throws IOException {
int result = super.read(b, offset, len);
for (int i = offset; i < offset+result; i++) {
//转换为小写
b[i] = (byte)Character.toLowerCase((char)b[i]);
}
return result;
}
}
/**
* io装饰器测试类
*/
public class InputTest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
int c;
try {
InputStream in =
new LowerCaseInputStream(
new BufferedInputStream(
new FileInputStream("test.txt")));
while((c = in.read()) >= 0) {
System.out.print((char)c);
}
in.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
OK,至此装饰其模式结束,装饰器也有其缺点:
1,加入大量的装饰类,如IO包一样,初看之时很是头晕,不过这点貌似没什么办法,有利就有弊嘛,呵呵。。。
2,增加了代码的难度,需要new很多对象,这点应该可以利用工厂(Factory)模式和生成器(Builder)模式一些问题
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