HTTP1.1 Notes 2, Protocol Parameters

HTTP Version
       HTTP-Version   = "HTTP" "/" 1*DIGIT "." 1*DIGIT

Uniform Resource Identifiers
As far as HTTP is concerned, Uniform Resource Identifiers are simply formatted strings which identify--via name, location, or any other characteristic--a resource.

       http_URL = "http:" "//" host [ ":" port ] [ abs_path [ "?" query ]]

If the port is empty or not given, port 80 is assumed.

A server SHOULD return 414 (Request-URI Too Long) status if a URI is longer than the server can handle

If the abs_path is not present in the URL, it MUST be given as "/" when used as a Request-URI for a resource

URI Comparison:
  - A port that is empty or not given is equivalent to the default port for that URI-reference;
  - Comparisons of host names MUST be case-insensitive;
  - Comparisons of scheme names MUST be case-insensitive;
  - An empty abs_path is equivalent to an abs_path of "/".

Characters other than those in the "reserved" and "unsafe" sets (RFC 2396) are equivalent to their ""%" HEX HEX" encoding.

       escaped     = "%" hex hex
       hex         = digit | "A" | "B" | "C" | "D" | "E" | "F" |
                            "a" | "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "f"

Date/Time Formats
Sun, 06 Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT  ; RFC 822, updated by RFC 1123
Sunday, 06-Nov-94 08:49:37 GMT ; RFC 850, obsoleted by RFC 1036
Sun Nov  6 08:49:37 1994       ; ANSI C's asctime() format

HTTP/1.1 clients and servers that parse the date value MUST accept all three formats (for compatibility with HTTP/1.0), though they MUST only generate the RFC 1123 format for representing HTTP-date values in header fields.

All HTTP date/time stamps MUST be represented in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), without exception.

       HTTP-date    = rfc1123-date | rfc850-date | asctime-date
       rfc1123-date = wkday "," SP date1 SP time SP "GMT"
       rfc850-date  = weekday "," SP date2 SP time SP "GMT"
       asctime-date = wkday SP date3 SP time SP 4DIGIT
       date1        = 2DIGIT SP month SP 4DIGIT
                      ; day month year (e.g., 02 Jun 1982)
       date2        = 2DIGIT "-" month "-" 2DIGIT
                      ; day-month-year (e.g., 02-Jun-82)
       date3        = month SP ( 2DIGIT | ( SP 1DIGIT ))
                      ; month day (e.g., Jun  2)
       time         = 2DIGIT ":" 2DIGIT ":" 2DIGIT
                      ; 00:00:00 - 23:59:59
       wkday        = "Mon" | "Tue" | "Wed"
                    | "Thu" | "Fri" | "Sat" | "Sun"
       weekday      = "Monday" | "Tuesday" | "Wednesday"
                    | "Thursday" | "Friday" | "Saturday" | "Sunday"
       month        = "Jan" | "Feb" | "Mar" | "Apr"
                    | "May" | "Jun" | "Jul" | "Aug"
                    | "Sep" | "Oct" | "Nov" | "Dec"

       delta-seconds  = 1*DIGIT

Character Sets
       charset = token

HTTP character sets are identified by case-insensitive tokens
The complete set of tokens is defined by the IANA Character Set registry

Content Codings
       content-coding   = token

All content-coding values are case-insensitive
HTTP/1.1 uses content-coding values in the Accept-Encoding and Content-Encoding header fields.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) acts as a registry for content-coding value tokens. Initially, the registry contains the following tokens:
gzip
compress
deflate
identity(default encoding, use no transformation)

Transfer Codings
       transfer-coding         = "chunked" | transfer-extension
       transfer-extension      = token *( ";" parameter )

Transfer-coding values are used to indicate an encoding transformation that has been, can be, or may need to be applied to an entity-body in order to ensure "safe transport" through the network.
This differs from a content coding in that the transfer-coding is a property of the message, not of the original entity.
All transfer-coding values are case-insensitive. HTTP/1.1 uses transfer-coding values in the TE header field and in the Transfer-Encoding header field

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) acts as a registry for transfer-coding value tokens. Initially, the registry contains the following tokens:
chunked
identity
gzip
compress
deflate

A server which receives an entity-body with a transfer-coding it does not understand SHOULD return 501 (Unimplemented), and close the connection.

Media Types
       media-type     = type "/" subtype *( ";" parameter )
       type           = token
       subtype        = token

The type, subtype, and parameter attribute names are case- insensitive.
Linear white space (LWS) MUST NOT be used between the type and subtype, nor between an attribute and its value.

Note: The "multipart/form-data" type has been specifically defined
      for carrying form data suitable for processing via the POST
      request method, as described in RFC 1867

Product Tokens
       product         = token ["/" product-version]
       product-version = token

Examples:

       User-Agent: CERN-LineMode/2.15 libwww/2.17b3
       Server: Apache/0.8.4

Quality Values
       qvalue         = ( "0" [ "." 0*3DIGIT ] )
                      | ( "1" [ "." 0*3("0") ] )

HTTP content negotiation uses short "floating point" numbers to indicate the relative importance ("weight") of various negotiable parameters.
A weight is normalized to a real number in the range 0 through 1, where 0 is the minimum and 1 the maximum value.
If a parameter has a quality value of 0, then content with this parameter is `not acceptable' for the client.

Language Tags
        language-tag  = primary-tag *( "-" subtag )
        primary-tag   = 1*8ALPHA
        subtag        = 1*8ALPHA
A language tag identifies a natural language spoken, written, or otherwise conveyed by human beings for communication of information to other human beings.
HTTP uses language tags within the Accept-Language and Content- Language fields.
Example:
en, en-US, en-cockney, i-cherokee, x-pig-latin

Entity Tags
      entity-tag = [ weak ] opaque-tag
      weak       = "W/"
      opaque-tag = quoted-string
Entity tags are used for comparing two or more entities from the same requested resource.
HTTP/1.1 uses entity tags in the ETag , If-Match , If-None-Match , and If-Range header fields.


Range Utils
      range-unit       = bytes-unit | other-range-unit
      bytes-unit       = "bytes"
      other-range-unit = token

HTTP/1.1 allows a client to request that only part (a range of) the response entity be included within the response.
HTTP/1.1 uses range units in the Range and Content-Range header fields.


上一个百度的例子：

D:\projects\maui>curl -I http://www.baidu.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 24 Dec 2008 05:13:25 GMT
Server: BWS/1.0
Content-Length: 4064
Content-Type: text/html
Cache-Control: private
Expires: Wed, 24 Dec 2008 05:13:25 GMT
Set-Cookie: BAIDUID=C836D6EC630FBFE49ABAD74F7F62D2E1:FG=1; expires=Wed, 24-Dec-3
8 05:13:25 GMT; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
P3P: CP=" OTI DSP COR IVA OUR IND COM "