SQLPlus 常用命令

SQLPlus提供了很多常用的命令，以下是常用命令的使用方法及示例。

1-> SQLPlus的登陆与退出

sqlplus -H | -V -H 将显示sqlplus的版本及帮助信息，-V将显示其版本信息
登陆语法：
 <logon><span style="color: #0000ff">is</span>: (<username>[/<password>][@<connect_identifier>] | /)
              [AS SYSDBA | AS SYSOPER] | /NOLOG
              
<username>[/<password>]：登陆的用户名，密码
@<connect_identifier>：数据库的连接标识符，当未指定该参数，则连接到缺省的标识符
AS SYSDBA | AS SYSOPER：这两个参数描述使用数据库管理员的权限登陆
NOLOG：启动未连接到数据库的SQLPlus，在这之后可以使用conn登陆
下面是三种不同的登陆方式
[oracle@linux ~]$ sqlplus scott/tigger

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Tue Mar 30 14:04:06 2010

Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

[oracle@linux ~]$ sqlplus /nolog

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Tue Mar 30 14:04:45 2010

Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

SQL&gt; conn scott    
Enter password: 
Connected.
SQL&gt; exit
<span style="color: #008000">/*使用exit或quit来退出*/</span>
SQL&gt; exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
[oracle@linux ~]$ sqlplus "<span style="color: #8b0000">/as sysdba</span>"

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Tue Mar 30 14:05:44 2010

Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

退出：使用使用exit或quit来退出，如例子中所演示的</connect_identifier></password></username></connect_identifier></password></username></logon>

2->help 获得某一个命令的帮助信息

SQL> help desc

 DESCRIBE
 --------
 Lists the column definitions for a table, view, or synonym,
 or the specifications for a function or procedure.
 DESC[RIBE] {[schema.]object[@connect_identifier]

3->LIST [m][*] [n](简写L)显示缓冲区的所有内容。* 当前行，m 第m行，n 第n行，m n 同时出现，m到n行

SQL> l
  1  select * from emp
  2  where sal > 2000
  3* and deptno = 20
SQL> l 2 3
  2  where sal > 2000
  3* and deptno = 20

4->/ 执行缓冲区的内容

SQL> l
  1  select * from emp
  2  where sal > 2000
  3  and deptno = 20
  4* and ename = 'SCOTT'
SQL> /

     EMPNO ENAME      JOB              MGR HIREDATE         SAL       COMM     DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
      7788 SCOTT      ANALYST         7566 19-APR-87       3000                    20  

5->n 设置当前行

SQL> 2
  2* where sal > 2000
SQL> 3
  3* and deptno = 20  

6->n text 用text内容替换第n行

SQL> l
  1  select * from emp
  2  where deptno = 20
  3* and sal > 2000
SQL> 2 where ename = 'SCOTT'
SQL> l
  1  select * from emp
  2  where ename = 'SCOTT'
  3* and sal > 2000

7->； 对于已输入完毕的SQL语句，输入；号表示该语句输入完毕。对于设置语句可以不使用分号,如上述的help desc

8->APPEND text(简写A text) 将text的内容追加到缓冲区尾部

SQL> l
  1* select * from emp
SQL> a where sal > 2000;
  1* select * from empwhere sal > 2000

9->CHANGE/old/new(简写C /old/new) 将当前行中的old替换为new

SQL> l
  1  select * from emp
  2  where sal > 2000
  3*    and deptno = 20
SQL> 3
  3*    and deptno = 20
SQL> c /20/10
  3*    and deptno = 10
SQL> l
  1  select * from emp
  2  where sal > 2000
  3*    and deptno = 10

10->CHANGE/text(C/text) 删除当前行中的text

SQL> l
  1  select * from emp
  2  where sal > 2000
  3*    and deptno = 10
SQL> 3
  3*    and deptno = 10
SQL> c /and deptno = 10
  3*
SQL> l
  1  select * from emp
  2  where sal > 2000
  3*

11->CLEAR BUFFER(CL BUFF)清除整个SQL缓冲区

SQL> cl buff
buffer cleared
SQL> l
SP2-0223: No lines in SQL buffer.

12->DEL 删除当前行

SQL> l
  1  select * from emp
  2* where sal > 2000
SQL> del 2
SQL> l
  1* select * from emp

13->show user 显示当前登陆的用户

SQL> show user  
USER is "SYS"
SQL> conn scott/tigger
Connected.
SQL> show user
USER is "SCOTT"

14->SAVE 保存当前缓冲区的内容到文件

SQL> l
  1  select *
  2  from emp
  3* where sal > 2000
SQL> save query.sql
Created file query.sql  

15->GET 把磁盘上的命令文件调入到当前缓冲区

SQL> cl buff
buffer cleared
SQL> get query.sql
  1  select *
  2  from emp
  3* where sal > 2000

16->START/@ filename 运行命令文件 

SQL> get query.sql
  1  select *
  2  from emp
  3* where sal > 2000
SQL> @query.sql

17->SET LINESIZE n 设置每行的字符数,默认80，如果一行的输出内容大于设置的一行可容纳的字符数，则折行显示。 

SQL> select * from scott.emp where ename = 'SCOTT'; /*以下是未设置的结果*/

     EMPNO ENAME      JOB              MGR HIREDATE         SAL       COMM
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
    DEPTNO
----------
      7788 SCOTT      ANALYST         7566 19-APR-87       3000
        20

SQL> set linesize 200
SQL> select * from scott.emp where ename = 'SCOTT';  /*以下是设置后的结果*/ 

     EMPNO ENAME      JOB              MGR HIREDATE         SAL       COMM     DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
      7788 SCOTT      ANALYST         7566 19-APR-87       3000                    20

18->dual 伪表的使用，注意Oracle与MSSQL的差异，下面的操作MSSQL无需伪表即可完成，几不需要from dual就可以完成一些特定的功能

SQL> select 3+2 from dual;

       3+2
----------
         5

19->spool filename 将接下来屏幕上输入的所有内容输出到文件，包括输入的SQL语句

20->spool off 需要使用off后，才能将内容输出到文件

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