hive 基本语法

本来想讲自己用到的写出来了,结果发现一个比较全面的文章已经介绍过了,那我就不在重新发明轮子了,我也跟着学习一下。
转自：http://jeffxie.blog.51cto.com/1365360/317524

DDL Operations
创建表
hive> CREATE TABLE pokes (foo INT, bar STRING);
创建表并创建索引字段ds
hive> CREATE TABLE invites (foo INT, bar STRING) PARTITIONED BY (ds STRING);
显示所有表
hive> SHOW TABLES;
按正条件（正则表达式）显示表，
hive> SHOW TABLES '.*s';
表添加一列
hive> ALTER TABLE pokes ADD COLUMNS (new_col INT);
添加一列并增加列字段注释
hive> ALTER TABLE invites ADD COLUMNS (new_col2 INT COMMENT 'a comment');
更改表名
hive> ALTER TABLE events RENAME TO 3koobecaf;
删除列
hive> DROP TABLE pokes;
元数据存储
将文件中的数据加载到表中
hive> LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH './examples/files/kv1.txt' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE pokes;
加载本地数据，同时给定分区信息
hive> LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH './examples/files/kv2.txt' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE invites PARTITION (ds='2008-08-15');
加载DFS数据 ，同时给定分区信息
hive> LOAD DATA INPATH '/user/myname/kv2.txt' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE invites PARTITION (ds='2008-08-15');
The above command will load data from an HDFS file/directory to the table. Note that loading data from HDFS will result in moving the file/directory. As a result, the operation is almost instantaneous.
SQL 操作
按先件查询
hive> SELECT a.foo FROM invites a WHERE a.ds='<DATE>';
将查询数据输出至目录
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE DIRECTORY '/tmp/hdfs_out' SELECT a.* FROM invites a WHERE a.ds='<DATE>';
将查询结果输出至本地目录
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE LOCAL DIRECTORY '/tmp/local_out' SELECT a.* FROM pokes a;
选择所有列到本地目录
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT a.* FROM profiles a;
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT a.* FROM profiles a WHERE a.key < 100;
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE LOCAL DIRECTORY '/tmp/reg_3' SELECT a.* FROM events a;
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE DIRECTORY '/tmp/reg_4' select a.invites, a.pokes FROM profiles a;
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE DIRECTORY '/tmp/reg_5' SELECT COUNT(1) FROM invites a WHERE a.ds='<DATE>';
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE DIRECTORY '/tmp/reg_5' SELECT a.foo, a.bar FROM invites a;
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE LOCAL DIRECTORY '/tmp/sum' SELECT SUM(a.pc) FROM pc1 a;
将一个表的统计结果插入另一个表中
hive> FROM invites a INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT a.bar, count(1) WHERE a.foo > 0 GROUP BY a.bar;
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT a.bar, count(1) FROM invites a WHERE a.foo > 0 GROUP BY a.bar;
JOIN
hive> FROM pokes t1 JOIN invites t2 ON (t1.bar = t2.bar) INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT t1.bar, t1.foo, t2.foo;
将多表数据插入到同一表中
FROM src
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE dest1 SELECT src.* WHERE src.key < 100
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE dest2 SELECT src.key, src.value WHERE src.key >= 100 and src.key < 200
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE dest3 PARTITION(ds='2008-04-08', hr='12') SELECT src.key WHERE src.key >= 200 and src.key < 300
INSERT OVERWRITE LOCAL DIRECTORY '/tmp/dest4.out' SELECT src.value WHERE src.key >= 300;
将文件流直接插入文件
hive> FROM invites a INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT TRANSFORM(a.foo, a.bar) AS (oof, rab) USING '/bin/cat' WHERE a.ds > '2008-08-09';
This streams the data in the map phase through the script /bin/cat (like hadoop streaming). Similarly - streaming can be used on the reduce side (please see the Hive Tutorial or examples)
实际示例
创建一个表
CREATE TABLE u_data (
userid INT,
movieid INT,
rating INT,
unixtime STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t'
STORED AS TEXTFILE;
下载示例数据文件，并解压缩
wget http://www.grouplens.org/system/files/ml-data.tar__0.gz
tar xvzf ml-data.tar__0.gz
加载数据到表中
LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH 'ml-data/u.data'
OVERWRITE INTO TABLE u_data;
统计数据总量
SELECT COUNT(1) FROM u_data;
现在做一些复杂的数据分析
创建一个 weekday_mapper.py: 文件，作为数据按周进行分割
import sys
import datetime
for line in sys.stdin:
line = line.strip()
userid, movieid, rating, unixtime = line.split('\t')
生成数据的周信息
weekday = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(float(unixtime)).isoweekday()
print '\t'.join([userid, movieid, rating, str(weekday)])
使用映射脚本
//创建表，按分割符分割行中的字段值
CREATE TABLE u_data_new (
userid INT,
movieid INT,
rating INT,
weekday INT)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t';
//将python文件加载到系统
add FILE weekday_mapper.py;
将数据按周进行分割
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE u_data_new
SELECT
TRANSFORM (userid, movieid, rating, unixtime)
USING 'python weekday_mapper.py'
AS (userid, movieid, rating, weekday)
FROM u_data;
SELECT weekday, COUNT(1)
FROM u_data_new
GROUP BY weekday;
处理Apache Weblog 数据
将WEB日志先用正则表达式进行组合，再按需要的条件进行组合输入到表中
add jar ../build/contrib/hive_contrib.jar;
CREATE TABLE apachelog (
host STRING,
identity STRING,
user STRING,
time STRING,
request STRING,
status STRING,
size STRING,
referer STRING,
agent STRING)
ROW FORMAT SERDE 'org.apache.hadoop.hive.contrib.serde2.RegexSerDe'
WITH SERDEPROPERTIES (
"input.regex" = "([^ ]*) ([^ ]*) ([^ ]*) (-|\\[[^\\]]*\\]) ([^ \"]*|\"[^\"]*\") (-|[0-9]*) (-|[0-9]*)(?: ([^ \"]*|\"[^\"]*\") ([^ \"]*|\"[^\"]*\"))?",
"output.format.string" = "%1$s %2$s %3$s %4$s %5$s %6$s %7$s %8$s %9$s"
)
STORED AS TEXTFILE;