linux命令｜Linux Commands Line（转载）

http://www.linuxguide.it/linux_commands_line_en.htm
The most complete and updated list of commands on linux by LinuxGuide.it - over 350 commands!

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COMMAND	DESCRIPTION
System information
arch	show architecture of machine
uname -r	show used kernel version
dmidecode -q	show hardware system components - (SMBIOS / DMI)
hdparm -i /dev/hda	displays the characteristics of a hard-disk
hdparm -tT /dev/sda	perform test reading on a hard-disk
cat /proc/cpuinfo	show information CPU info
cat /proc/interrupts	show interrupts
cat /proc/meminfo	verify memory use
cat /proc/swaps	show file(s) swap
cat /proc/version	show version of the kernel
cat /proc/net/dev	show network adpters and statistics
cat /proc/mounts	show mounted file system(s)
lspci -tv	display PCI devices
lsusb -tv	show USB devices
date	show system date
cal 2007	show the timetable of 2007
date 041217002007.00	set date and time - MonthDayhoursMinutesYear.Secondi
clock -w	save changes on BIOS
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
Shutdown, Restart of a system and Logout
shutdown -h now	shutdown system
init 0
shutdown -r hours:minutes &	planned shutdown of the system
shutdown -c	cancel a planned shutdown of the system
shutdown -r now	reboot
reboot
logout	leaving session
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
Files and Directory
cd /home	enter to directory '/ home'
cd ..	go back one level
cd ../..	go back two levels
cd	go to home directory
cd ~utente	go to home directory
cd -	go to previous directory
pwd	show the path of work directory
ls	view files of directory
ls -F	view files of directory
ls -l	show details of files and directory
ls -a	show hidden files
ls *[0-9]*	show files and directory containing numbers
lstree	show files and directories in a tree starting from root
mkdir dir1	create a directory called 'dir1'
mkdir dir1 dir2	create two directories simultaneously
mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2	create a directory tree
rm -f file1	delete file called 'file1'
rmdir dir1	delete directory called 'dir1'
rm -rf dir1	remove a directory called 'dir1' and contents recursively
rm -rf dir1 dir2	remove two directories and their contents recursively
mv dir1 new_dir	rename / move a file or directory
cp file1 file2	copying a file
cp dir/* .	copy all files of a directory within the current work directory
cp -a /tmp/dir1 .	copy a directory within the current work directory
cp -a dir1 dir2	copy a directory
ln -s file1 lnk1	create a symbolic link to file or directory
ln file1 lnk1	create a physical link to file or directory
touch -t 0712250000 fileditest	modify timestamp of a file or directory - (YYMMDDhhmm)
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
File search
find / -name file1	search file and directory into root filesystem from '/'
find / -user user1	search files and directories belonging to 'user1'
find /home/user1 -name *.bin	search files with '. bin' extension within directory '/ home/user1'
find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100	search bynary files are not used in the last 100 days
find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10	search files created or changed within 10 days
find / -name *.rpm -exec chmod 755 {} ;	search files with '.rpm' extension and modify permits
find / -name *.rpm -xdev	search files with '.rpm' extension ignoring removable partitions as cdrom, pen-drive, etc.…
locate *.ps	find files with the '.ps' extension - first run 'updatedb' command
whereis halt	show location of a binary file, source or man
which halt	show full path to a binary / executable
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
Mounting a Filesystem
mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2	mount disk called hda2 - verify existence of the directory '/ mnt/hda2'
umount /dev/hda2	unmount disk called hda2 - exit from mount point '/ mnt/hda2' first
fuser -km /mnt/hda2	force umount when the device is busy
umount -n /mnt/hda2	run umount without writing the file /etc/mtab - useful when the file is read-only or the hard disk is full
mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy	mount a floppy disk
mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom	mount a cdrom / dvdrom
mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder	mount a cdrw / dvdrom
mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder	mount a cdrw / dvdrom
mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom	mount a file or iso image
mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5	mount a Windows FAT32 file system
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk	mount a usb pen-drive or flash-drive
mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //winclient/share /mnt/share	mount a windows network share
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
Disk Space
df -h	show list of partitions mounted
ls -lSr |more	show size of the files and directories ordered by size
du -sh dir1	estimate space used by directory 'dir1'
du -sh * | sort -rn	show size of the files and directories sorted by size
rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort -k1,1n	show space used by rpm packages installed sorted by size (fedora, redhat and like)
dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\t${Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n	show space used by deb packages installed sorted by size (ubuntu, debian and like)
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
Users and Groups
groupadd group_name	create a new group
groupdel group_name	delete a group
groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name	rename a group
useradd -c "Nome Cognome" -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1	create a new user belongs "admin" group
useradd user1	create a new user
userdel -r user1	delete a user ( '-r' eliminates home directory)
usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s /bin/nologin user1	change user attributes
passwd	change password
passwd user1	change a user password (only by root)
chage -E 2005-12-31 user1	set deadline for user password
pwck	check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/passwd' and users existence
grpck	check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/group' and groups existence
newgrp group_name	log in to a new group to change default group of newly created files
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
Permits on File - use "+" to set permissions and "-" to remove
ls -lh	show permits
ls /tmp | pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS	divide terminal into 5 columns
chmod ugo+rwx directory1	set permissions reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users owner (u) group (g) and others (o)
chmod go-rwx directory1	remove permits reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users group (g) and others (or
chown user1 file1	change owner of a file
chown user1 -R directory1	change user owner of a directory and all the files and directories contained inside
chgrp gruppo1 file1	change group of files
chown user1:gruppo1 file1	change user and group ownership of a file
find / -perm -u+s	view all files on the system with SUID configured
chmod u+s /bin/file_eseguibile	set SUID bit on a binary file - the user that running that file gets same privileges as owner
chmod u-s /bin/file_binario	disable SUID bit on a binary file
chmod g+s /home/public	set SGID bit on a directory - similar to SUID but for directory
chmod g-s /home/public	disable SGID bit on a directory
chmod o+t /home/comune	set STIKY bit on a directory - allows files deletion only to legitimate owners
chmod o-t /home/comune	disable STIKY bit on a directory
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
Special Attributes on file - use "+" to set permissions and "-" to remove
chattr +a file1	allows write opening of a file only append mode
chattr +c file1	allows that a file is compressed / decompressed automatically by the kernel
chattr +d file1	makes sure that the program ignores Dump the files during backup
chattr +i file1	makes it an immutable file, which can not be removed, altered, renamed or linked
chattr +s file1	allows a file to be deleted safely
chattr +S file1	makes sure that if a file is modified changes are written in synchronous mode as with sync
chattr +u file1	allows you to recover the contents of a file even if it is canceled
lsattr	show specials attributes
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
Archives and compressed files
bunzip2 file1.bz2	decompress a file called 'file1.bz2'
bzip2 file1	compress a file called 'file1'
gunzip file1.gz	decompress a file called 'file1.gz'
gzip file1	compress a file called 'file1'
gzip -9 file1	compress with maximum compression
rar a file1.rar test_file	create an archive rar called 'file1.rar'
rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1	compress 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1' simultaneously
rar x file1.rar	decompress rar archive
unrar x file1.rar	decompress rar archive
tar -cvf archive.tar file1	create a uncompressed tarball
tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1	create an archive containing 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1'
tar -tf archive.tar	show contents of an archive
tar -xvf archive.tar	extract a tarball
tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp	extract a tarball into / tmp
tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1	create a tarball compressed into bzip2
tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2	decompress a compressed tar archive in bzip2
tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1	create a tarball compressed into gzip
tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz	decompress a compressed tar archive in gzip
zip file1.zip file1	create an archive compressed in zip
zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1	compress in zip several files and directories simultaneously
unzip file1.zip	decompress a zip archive
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
RPM Packages - Fedora, Red Hat and like
rpm -ivh package.rpm	install a rpm package
rpm -ivh --nodeeps package.rpm	install a rpm package ignoring dependencies requests
rpm -U package.rpm	upgrade a rpm package without changing configuration files
rpm -F package.rpm	upgrade a rpm package only if it is already installed
rpm -e package_name.rpm	remove a rpm package
rpm -qa	show all rpm packages installed on the system
rpm -qa | grep httpd	show all rpm packages with the name "httpd"
rpm -qi package_name	obtain information on a specific package installed
rpm -qg "System Environment/Daemons"	show rpm packages of a group software
rpm -ql package_name	show list of files provided by a rpm package installed
rpm -qc package_name	show list of configuration files provided by a rpm package installed
rpm -q package_name --whatrequires	show list of dependencies required for a rpm packet
rpm -q package_name --whatprovides	show capability provided by a rpm package
rpm -q package_name --scripts	show scripts started during installation / removal
rpm -q package_name --changelog	show history of revisions of a rpm package
rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf	verify which rpm package belongs to a given file
rpm -qp package.rpm -l	show list of files provided by a rpm package not yet installed
rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY	import public-key digital signature
rpm --checksig package.rpm	verify the integrity of a rpm package
rpm -qa gpg-pubkey	verify integrity of all rpm packages installed
rpm -V package_name	check file size, permissions, type, owner, group, MD5 checksum and last modification
rpm -Va	check all rpm packages installed on the system - use with caution
rpm -Vp package.rpm	verify a rpm package not yet installed
rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio --extract --make-directories *bin*	extract executable file from a rpm package
rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/package.rpm	install a package built from a rpm source
rpmbuild --rebuild package_name.src.rpm	build a rpm package from a rpm source
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
YUM packages updater - Fedora, RedHat and like
yum install package_name	download and install a rpm package
yum update	update all rpm packages installed on the system
yum update package_name	upgrade a rpm package
yum remove package_name	remove a rpm package
yum list	list all packages installed on the system
yum search package_name	find a package on rpm repository
yum clean packages	clean up rpm cache erasing downloaded packages
yum clean headers	remove all files headers that the system uses to resolve dependency
yum clean all	remove from the cache packages and headers files
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
DEB packages - Debian, Ubuntu and like
dpkg -i package.deb	install / upgrade a deb package
dpkg -r package_name	remove a deb package from the system
dpkg -l	show all deb packages installed on the system
dpkg -l | grep httpd	show all rpm packages with the name "httpd"
dpkg -s package_name	obtain information on a specific package installed on system
dpkg -L package_name	show list of files provided by a package installed on system
dpkg --contents package.deb	show list of files provided by a package not yet installed
dpkg -S /bin/ping	verify which package belongs to a given file
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
APT packages updater - Debian, Ubuntu e like
apt-get install package_name	install / upgrade a deb package
apt-cdrom install package_name	install / upgrade a deb package from cdrom
apt-get update	update all deb packages installed on system
apt-get remove package_name	remove a deb package from system
apt-get check	verify correct resolution of dependencies
apt-get clean	clean up cache from packages downloaded
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
View file content
cat file1	view the contents of a file starting from the first row
tac file1	view the contents of a file starting from the last line
more file1	view content of a file along
less file1	similar to 'more' command but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement
head -2 file1	view first two lines of a file
tail -2 file1	view last two lines of a file
tail -f /var/log/messages	view in real time what is added to a file
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
Text Manipulation
cat file_test | [operation: sed, grep, awk, grep, etc] > result.txt	syntax to elaborate the text of a file, and write result to a new file
cat file_originale | [operazione: sed, grep, awk, grep, etc] >> result.txt	syntax to elaborate the text of a file and append result in existing file
grep Aug /var/log/messages	look up words "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages'
grep ^Aug /var/log/messages	look up words that begin with "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages'
grep [0-9] /var/log/messages	select from file '/var/log/messages' all lines that contain numbers
grep Aug -R /var/log/*	search string "Aug" at directory '/var/log' and below
grep Aug /var/log/messages	write result of a search within a file
sed 's/stringa1/stringa2/g' example.txt	replace "string1" with "string2" in example.txt
sed '/^$/d' example.txt	remove all blank lines from example.txt
sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' example.txt	remove comments and blank lines from example.txt
echo 'esempio' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'	convert from lower case in upper case
sed -e '1d' result.txt	eliminates the first line from file example.txt
sed -n '/stringa1/p'	view only lines that contain the word "string1"
sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt	remove empty characters at the end of each row
sed -e 's/stringa1//g' example.txt	remove only the word "string1" from text and leave intact all
sed -n '1,5p;5q' example.txt	view from 1th to 5th row
sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt	view row number 5
sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt	replace more zeros with a single zero
cat -n file1	number row of a file
cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1'	remove all even lines from example.txt
echo a b c | awk '{print $1}'	view the first column of a line
echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}'	view the first and third column of a line
paste file1 file2	merging contents of two files for columns
paste -d '+' file1 file2	merging contents of two files for columns with '+' delimiter on the center
sort file1 file2	sort contents of two files
sort file1 file2 | uniq	sort contents of two files omitting lines repeated
sort file1 file2 | uniq -u	sort contents of two files by viewing only unique line
sort file1 file2 | uniq -d	sort contents of two files by viewing only duplicate line
comm -1 file1 file2	compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file1'
comm -2 file1 file2	compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file2'
comm -3 file1 file2	compare contents of two files by deleting only the lines that appear on both files
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
Character set and Format file conversion
dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt	convert a text file format from MSDOS to UNIX
unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt	convert a text file format from UNIX to MSDOS
recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.html	convert a text file to html
recode -l | more	show all available formats conversion
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
Filesystem Analysis
badblocks -v /dev/hda1	check bad blocks in disk hda1
fsck /dev/hda1	repair / check integrity of linux filesystem on disk hda1
fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1	repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1
e2fsck /dev/hda1	repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1
e2fsck -j /dev/hda1	repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1
fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1	repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1
fsck.vfat /dev/hda1	repair / check integrity of fat filesystem on disk hda1
fsck.msdos /dev/hda1	repair / check integrity of dos filesystem on disk hda1
dosfsck /dev/hda1	repair / check integrity of dos filesystems on disk hda1
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
Format a Filesystem
mkfs /dev/hda1	create a filesystem type linux on hda1 partition
mke2fs /dev/hda1	create a filesystem type linux ext2 on hda1 partition
mke2fs -j /dev/hda1	create a filesystem type linux ext3 (journal) on hda1 partition
mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1	create a FAT32 filesystem
fdformat -n /dev/fd0	format a floppy disk
mkswap /dev/hda3	create a swap filesystem
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
SWAP filesystem
mkswap /dev/hda3	create a swap filesystem
swapon /dev/hda3	activating a new swap partition
swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3	activate two swap partitions
linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it
Backup
dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home	make a full backup of directory '/home'
dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home	make a incremental backup of directory '/home'
restore -if /tmp/home0.bak	restoring a backup interactively
rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp	synchronization between directories
rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/tmp	rsync via SSH tunnel
rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local	synchronize a local directory with a remote directory via ssh and compression
rsync -az -e ssh --delete / 分享到： 显卡加速网页渲染 | 忠于企业不如说忠于领导 2008-01-06 22:33 浏览 2228 评论(0) 查看更多 相关推荐 Linux Commands Line v1.1 在IT领域，尤其是在操作系统管理与开发环境中，掌握...以上命令涵盖了从系统信息查询到文件管理，再到系统控制的各种功能，熟练掌握它们是成为高效Linux用户的基石。希望这份指南能够帮助你在Linux世界中更加得心应手。 linux_commands_line_env1.1.pdf.zip_Commands-LINUX 本资源"linux_commands_line_env1.1.pdf.zip_Commands-LINUX"是一个关于Linux命令行的宝贵资料，涵盖了各种命令及其详细解释，旨在帮助用户更深入地理解并熟练使用Linux。 1. **基本文件和目录操作**： - `cd`: ... Linux Commands ### Linux Commands概述与详解 #### 一、a2p (Transforms awk scripts to Perl scripts) - **命令功能**: `a2p` 命令用于将 Awk 脚本转换为 Perl 脚本，并在标准输出(STDOUT)上显示结果。 - **应用场景**: 当需要... A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming 4th, ed Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming, A, 4th Edition By Mark G. Sobell, Matthew Helmke Published Nov 9, 2017 by Addison-Wesley Professional. The Most Useful Tutorial and... Linux下常用命令(全).rar Linux 命令 系统命令 操作命令 网络命令This is a practical selection of the commands we use most often. Press &lt;Tab&gt; to see the listing of all available command (on your PATH). On my small home system, ... Linux命令中英文对照（一） Linux 命令中英文对照（一） Linux 命令是 Linux 操作系统中的一种基本组件，它提供了许多有用的命令来帮助用户管理和维护系统。下面是 Linux 命令中英文对照（一）的一些重要知识点： 1. accept：接受作业到目的... linux_commands_line_en.pdf ### Linux命令行基础知识点 #### 一、系统信息与硬件查询 **1.1 查看系统架构** - **命令:** `arch` - **描述:** 显示当前机器的架构信息。 **1.2 显示内核版本** - **命令:** `uname -r` - **描述:** 显示正在... linux_commands 在Linux操作系统中，命令行是用户与系统交互的主要方式，对于熟悉和熟练使用Linux的用户来说，...在阅读"linux_commands_line_list_cnv1.2.htm"这个文件时，建议结合实践操作，以便更好地理解和记忆这些命令的用法。 linux_commands_line_list_v1.2 对常用命令的简介、分类 速查表-linux linuxcommands.png linux_quickref.pdf linux_security_quickref.pdf Linux_Syscall_quickref.pdf Muppix_Basic_Linux_commands.pdf Muppix_Linux_commands_1.pdf Muppix_Linux_commands_2.pdf Muppix_Linux... Linux_command_line：Linux命令和Shell脚本介绍 在IT领域，Linux操作系统因其开源、稳定和...在Linux_command_line-master这个资源中，可能包含了各种命令行示例和脚本模板，对于学习和参考是非常有价值的。请确保按照指导逐步学习，不断练习，以熟练掌握这些技能。 Python2.x利用commands模块执行Linux shell命令 ### Python2.x 使用 `commands` 模块执行 Linux Shell 命令 在 Python2.x 版本中，`commands` 模块提供了一系列的方法来执行 Linux shell 命令并处理其输出结果。这对于编写自动化脚本或进行系统监控等任务非常有用... linux shell 编程中select 命令的用法 在Linux Shell编程中，`select`命令是一种非常实用的交互式菜单构建工具，它源自于Korn Shell（ksh），并被广泛应用于bash等其他Shell环境中。`select`命令允许用户从一系列选项中进行选择，这在创建用户友好的脚本... Python执行Linux系统命令的4种方法 在Python中，执行Linux系统命令是常见的需求，用于自动化任务、系统管理或者集成脚本。本文将详细介绍四种方法来实现这一功能。 1. **os.system()** 方法 `os.system()` 是最基础的方法，它在子shell中执行命令，... GNU/Linux Command−Line Tools Summary ### GNU/Linux命令行工具概览 #### 一、概述 GNU/Linux 命令行工具概览是一份由 GNU 开源组织提供的官方学习文档，它为用户提供了关于 GNU/Linux 系统下各种命令行工具的详尽介绍。这份文档不仅适合初学者了解基本... Wiley.Publishing.Fedora.Linux.Toolbox.1000+.Commands.for.Fedora.CentOS.and.Red.Hat.Power.Users.and.Red.Hat.Power.Users.2008.pdf ### Fedora Linux Toolbox: 1000+ Commands for Fedora, CentOS, and Red Hat Power Users #### Chapter 1: Starting with Fedora Linux In this chapter, readers are introduced to Fedora Linux, an advanced ... Linux for Developers: Jumpstart Your Linux Programming Skills He presents essential skills for both Linux command line and GUI environments, introducing text editors and other tools for efficient coding. Building on this knowledge, Rothwell introduces ... Linux Phrasebook It includes code phrases that allow Linux users to employ the command line to complete onerous and repetitive tasks, as well as flexible code and commands can be customized to meet the needs of any ... Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics