NETCF开发之比较两种Timer类

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EXT F#Windows thread 活动

如果要求线程按照规定的时间间隔周期性地执行的话，可以使用Timer类将需要调用的方法加入队列等待周期性执行。Timer类包含在System.Threading命名空间。Timer类通过系统提供的线程池线程在每次计时器期满时运行计时器委托。因为System.Threading.Timer对象是在单独的线程中执行，因此在退出应用程序之前需要完全终止计时器。

.NET Compact Framework中的其他Timer类，比如System.Windows.Forms命名空间的Timer类与System.Threading命名空间的Timer类有所不同。System.Windows.Forms.Timer类每次计时器期满时产生WM_TIMER系统消息来触发事件，不能使用单独的线程来执行。System.Windows.Forms.Timer类使用简单且适合用于周期性的更新用户界面。如果需要高精度的计时器，则应该使用System.Threading.Timer。

图23-3展示了使用不同Timer类的精确程度比较。在如图23-3所示的应用程序中分别创建了System.Threading.Timer和System.Windows.Forms.Timer实例，并设置时间间隔为100毫秒。

图23-3：不同Timer类的精确性比较

这个TimerDemo应用程序测量不同Timer类的平均时间间隔。当点击“模拟界面操作”按钮时，应用程序产生一个额外的处理活动，使不同Timer类在行为上的差别更加清晰明显。Windows.Forms.Timer对象从消息队列接收到一个WM_TIMER消息时调用它自己的委托。Windows.Forms.Timer是单线程组件，精度限定为55毫秒。当应用程序处理繁忙时，时间间隔小于55毫秒的WM_TIMER消息会被忽略。换句话说，由于Windows.Forms.Timer的精度限制，消息队列中不能存在超过一个未处理的WM_TIMER消息，否则多余的WM_TIMER消息会重叠合并，因而丢失计时信号。而在图23-3中正确的做法是，Threading.Timer对象运行在一个单独的线程中，计时器的间隔时间一到则随时被运行。Threading.Timer对象负责处理精确度（两个Timer类的处理次数），因为“模拟界面操作”按钮被点击后，主线程的优先级被临时降低，以此模拟应用程序处于繁忙状态。清单23-7说明了TimerDemo应用程序的实现代码。

清单23-7：TimerDemo应用程序实现代码

<group id="_x0000_s1032" style="WIDTH: 414pt; HEIGHT: 460.2pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: char; mso-position-vertical-relative: line" coordsize="7200,8022" coordorigin="2526,7642" editas="canvas"><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock><shape id="_x0000_s1033" style="LEFT: 2526px; WIDTH: 7200px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 7642px; HEIGHT: 8022px" o:preferrelative="f" type="#_x0000_t75"><fill o:detectmouseclick="t"></fill><path o:connecttype="none" o:extrusionok="t"></path><lock v:ext="edit" text="t"></lock></shape><rect id="_x0000_s1034" style="LEFT: 2526px; WIDTH: 7200px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 7642px; HEIGHT: 8022px" strokecolor="#eaeaea" fillcolor="#eaeaea"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1034"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #d4d0c8; BORDER-TOP: #d4d0c8; BORDER-LEFT: #d4d0c8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d4d0c8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <div> Public Class TimerDemo Private threadingTimer As Threading.Timer Private prevTimerTicks As Long Private avgTimerTicks As Long Private numTimerExpirations As Long Private timerRunning As Boolean = False Private Sub btnThreadingTimer_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnThreadingTimer.Click If timerRunning = True Then timerRunning = False While Not threadingTimer Is Nothing Threading.Thread.Sleep(0) End While avgTimerTicks = avgTimerTicks / numTimerExpirations lThreadingTimer.Text = "Avg. Timer Interval: " + avgTimerTicks.ToString() + _ " ms (" + numTimerExpirations.ToString() + ")" btnThreadingTimer.Text = "Start Threading Timer" btnFormsTimer.Enabled = True Else timerRunning = True lThreadingTimer.Text = "Timer running" btnThreadingTimer.Text = "Stop Threading Timer" btnFormsTimer.Enabled = False avgTimerTicks = 0 numTimerExpirations = 0 prevTimerTicks = Environment.TickCount threadingTimer = New Threading.Timer(New _ Threading.TimerCallback(AddressOf ThreadingTimerTick), Nothing, 0, 100) End If End Sub </div> </td> </tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><wrap type="none"></wrap><anchorlock></anchorlock></group>

<group id="_x0000_s1029" style="WIDTH: 414pt; HEIGHT: 624pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: char; mso-position-vertical-relative: line" coordsize="7200,10877" coordorigin="2526,7642" editas="canvas"><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock><shape id="_x0000_s1030" style="LEFT: 2526px; WIDTH: 7200px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 7642px; HEIGHT: 10877px" o:preferrelative="f" type="#_x0000_t75"><fill o:detectmouseclick="t"></fill><path o:connecttype="none" o:extrusionok="t"></path><lock v:ext="edit" text="t"></lock></shape><rect id="_x0000_s1031" style="LEFT: 2526px; WIDTH: 7200px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 7642px; HEIGHT: 10877px" strokecolor="#eaeaea" fillcolor="#eaeaea"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1031"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #d4d0c8; BORDER-TOP: #d4d0c8; BORDER-LEFT: #d4d0c8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d4d0c8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <div> Private Sub btnFormsTimer_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnFormsTimer.Click If timerRunning = True Then timerRunning = False avgTimerTicks = avgTimerTicks / numTimerExpirations lFormsTimer.Text = "Avg. Timer Interval: " + avgTimerTicks.ToString() + _ " ms (" + numTimerExpirations.ToString() + ")" btnFormsTimer.Text = "Start Forms Timer" btnThreadingTimer.Enabled = True Else timerRunning = True lFormsTimer.Text = "Timer running" btnFormsTimer.Text = "Stop Forms Timer" btnThreadingTimer.Enabled = False avgTimerTicks = 0 numTimerExpirations = 0 prevTimerTicks = Environment.TickCount formsTimer.Interval = 100 ' 利用窗体上放置的Timer控件 formsTimer.Enabled = True End If End Sub Private Sub btnProcessing_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnProcessing.Click btnProcessing.Enabled = False Threading.Thread.CurrentThread.Priority = Threading.ThreadPriority.BelowNormal For i As Long = 0 To 5000000 Next btnProcessing.Enabled = True Threading.Thread.CurrentThread.Priority = Threading.ThreadPriority.Normal End Sub Private Sub ThreadingTimerTick(ByVal state As Object) If timerRunning = False Then threadingTimer.Dispose() threadingTimer = Nothing Else Dim currentTimerTicks As Long = Environment.TickCount avgTimerTicks = avgTimerTicks + (currentTimerTicks - prevTimerTicks) numTimerExpirations = numTimerExpirations + 1 prevTimerTicks = currentTimerTicks End If End Sub </div> </td> </tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><wrap type="none"></wrap><anchorlock></anchorlock></group>

<group id="_x0000_s1026" style="WIDTH: 414pt; HEIGHT: 226.2pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: char; mso-position-vertical-relative: line" coordsize="7200,3943" coordorigin="2526,7642" editas="canvas"><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock><shape id="_x0000_s1027" style="LEFT: 2526px; WIDTH: 7200px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 7642px; HEIGHT: 3943px" o:preferrelative="f" type="#_x0000_t75"><fill o:detectmouseclick="t"></fill><path o:connecttype="none" o:extrusionok="t"></path><lock v:ext="edit" text="t"></lock></shape><rect id="_x0000_s1028" style="LEFT: 2526px; WIDTH: 7200px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 7642px; HEIGHT: 3943px" strokecolor="#eaeaea" fillcolor="#eaeaea"><textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1028"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #d4d0c8; BORDER-TOP: #d4d0c8; BORDER-LEFT: #d4d0c8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d4d0c8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <div> Private Sub formsTimer_Tick(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles formsTimer.Tick If timerRunning = False Then formsTimer.Enabled = False formsTimer = Nothing Else Dim currentTimerTicks As Long = Environment.TickCount avgTimerTicks = avgTimerTicks + (currentTimerTicks - prevTimerTicks) numTimerExpirations = numTimerExpirations + 1 prevTimerTicks = currentTimerTicks End If End Sub End Class </div> </td> </tr></tbody></table></textbox></rect><wrap type="none"></wrap><anchorlock></anchorlock></group>

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