Oracle的用户帐户管理

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Oracle SQL

Oracle的用户帐户管理里面大有学问了, 控制非常灵活, 设计非常精巧, 如果我们能够在我们自己的数据库应用程序中应用这种技术, 相信用户也会非常开心的^_^.

用户的Accountstatus一共有一下几种情况.
SQL> select * from user_astatus_map;

STATUS# STATUS 
---------- -------------------------------- 
0 OPEN           当前帐户是开放的用户可以自由登录
1 EXPIRED      当前帐户已经过期, 用户必须在修改密码以后才可以登录系统, 在登录的时候, 系统会提示修改密码
2 EXPIRED(GRACE)   这是有password_grace_time定义的一个时间段, 在用户密码过期以后的第一次登录, 系统会提示用户,密码在指定的时间段以后会过期, 需要及时修改系统密码.
4 LOCKED(TIMED)     这是一个有条件的帐户锁定日期, 由password_lock_time进行控制, 在lock_date加上password_lock_time的日期以后,帐户会自动解锁. 
8 LOCKED                 帐户是锁定的,用户不可以登录, 必须由安全管理员将帐户打开用户才可以登录. 
5 EXPIRED & LOCKED(TIMED) 
6 EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED(TIMED) 
9 EXPIRED & LOCKED 
10 EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED 

9 rows selected.


下面大概解释一下open.locked,expired,EXPIRED(GRACE) ,LOCKED(TIMED) ,
其余几个概念就是这几个状态的组合:-), 我就不多言了. 

1. open 当前用户是开放的可以使用的.
SQL> select username,account_status from dba_users where username = 'TONGJW';

USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS
------------------------------ --------------------------------
TONGJW OPEN

SQL> conn tongjw
Enter password: *******
Connected.
2. expired 表示用户已经过期, 登录的时候, 如果密码输入正确,系统会提示重新输入密码的.
SQL> conn jfdata/jf
Connected.
SQL> alter user tongjw account unlock;

User altered.

SQL> alter user tongjw password expire;

User altered.

SQL> conn tongjw
Enter password: *******
ERROR:
ORA-28001: the password has expired


Changing password for tongjw
New password: *******
Retype new password: *******
Password changed
Connected.

3. locked 表明当前帐户被锁了, 不可以登录的.
SQL> conn jfdata/jf
Connected.
SQL> alter user tongjw account lock;

User altered.

SQL> conn tongjw
Enter password: *******
ERROR:
ORA-28000: the account is locked


Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE.
expired (grace) 与 locked (timed) 是有系统的profile来进行控制的.

4. expired (grace) , 通过profile的password_grace_time进行控制.
password_grace_time 指的是在你的密码已经过期以后, 第一次登录时间开始往后统计, 使系统可以使用的日期限度.
SQL> select username,account_status,lock_date,expiry_date,profile
2 from dba_users where username = 'TONGJW'
3 /

USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS LOCK_DATE EXPIRY_DA PROFILE
------------------------------ -------------------------------- --------- --------- ------------------------------
TONGJW OPEN DEFAULT

SQL> create profile test limit password_life_time 10 password_grace_time 3;

Profile created.

SQL> alter user tongjw profile test;

User altered.

SQL> select username,account_status,lock_date,expiry_date,profile
2 from dba_users where username = 'TONGJW'
3 /

USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS LOCK_DATE EXPIRY_DA PROFILE
------------------------------ -------------------------------- --------- --------- ------------------------------
TONGJW OPEN 15-APR-05 TEST

为什么这个地方是 05-4-15日到期, 我还需要进一步学习^_^. 

SQL> host
[oracle@TzDbTzcenter2 ]$ su
Password: ********

我们修改对应的系统时间, 使其在密码过期的日期以后.
[root@TzDbTzcenter2 ]# date '04161528'
Sat Apr 16 15:28:00 CST 2005
[root@TzDbTzcenter2 ]# exit
[oracle@TzDbTzcenter2 ]$ exit

SQL> select username,account_status,lock_date,expiry_date,profile
2 from dba_users where username = 'TONGJW'
3 /

USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS LOCK_DATE EXPIRY_DA PROFILE
------------------------------ -------------------------------- --------- --------- ------------------------------
TONGJW OPEN 15-APR-05 TEST

SQL> conn tongjw/tongjw
ERROR:
ORA-28002: the password will expire within 3 days


Connected.
SQL> conn jfdata/jf
Connected.
SQL> select username,account_status,lock_date,expiry_date,profile
2 from dba_users where username = 'TONGJW'
3 /

USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS LOCK_DATE EXPIRY_DA PROFILE
------------------------------ -------------------------------- --------- --------- ------------------------------
TONGJW EXPIRED(GRACE) 19-APR-05 TEST

SQL> host
[oracle@TzDbTzcenter2 ]$ su
Password: ********
[root@TzDbTzcenter2 ]# date '04201529'
Wed Apr 20 15:29:00 CST 2005
[root@TzDbTzcenter2 ]# exit
[oracle@TzDbTzcenter2 ]$ exit

SQL> select username,account_status,lock_date,expiry_date,profile
2 from dba_users where username = 'TONGJW'
3 /

USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS LOCK_DATE EXPIRY_DA PROFILE
------------------------------ -------------------------------- --------- --------- ------------------------------
TONGJW EXPIRED(GRACE) 19-APR-05 TEST

SQL> conn tongjw/tongjw
ERROR:
ORA-28001: the password has expired


Changing password for tongjw
New password:
Retype new password:
ERROR:
ORA-00988: missing or invalid password(s)


Password unchanged
Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE.
SQL> conn jfdata/jf
Connected.
SQL> select username,account_status,lock_date,expiry_date,profile
2 from dba_users where username = 'TONGJW'
3 /

USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS LOCK_DATE EXPIRY_DA PROFILE
------------------------------ -------------------------------- --------- --------- ------------------------------
TONGJW EXPIRED 19-APR-05 TEST

SQL> conn tongjw/tongjw
ERROR:
ORA-28001: the password has expired


Changing password for tongjw
New password: ******
Retype new password: ******
Password changed
Connected.
SQL> conn jfdata/
Enter password: **
Connected.
SQL> select username,account_status,lock_date,expiry_date,profile
2 from dba_users where username = 'TONGJW'
3 /

USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS LOCK_DATE EXPIRY_DA PROFILE
------------------------------ -------------------------------- --------- --------- ------------------------------
TONGJW OPEN 30-APR-05 TEST

SQL>
如果该用户, 没有登录, 对应的expiry_date是不会发生改变的, 
只要铜壶登录, 对应的expiry_date就会进行更新, 当然也会提示用户修改对应的密码,
也就是说, 这个日期是在用户登录的时候进行更新的,
更进一步, 我们可由此断定, Oracle是在用户登录的时候, 取出用户对应的这些信息, 
if expiry_date > sysdate then
enter into
else if expiry_date < sysdate then
if grace_time is set then
expiry_date = sysdate + expiry_date;
else
prompt your passwors has expired.
end if
end if;

用户的密码过期路径可以大略的表示如下.

t1 设置profile的时间/或者用户重新修改密码的时间05-4-5 
t2 用户在密码过期以后,第一次登录数据库的时间, 05-4-16 password_change_time + life_time
t3 用户密码真正过期的时间, 05-04-19 05-04-16 + grace_time
t4 修改密码的时间, 05-04-19...
t1 t2 t3 t4
|<-----------密码正常时期------------------>|<------grace expird----->|<-------expired------------>|
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

5. lock (timed) 可以这么理解,a. 当前系统是锁定的, b. 这个锁定有一个时间限制,是timed. 这个时间跨度有profile的password_lock_time来进行控制.

SQL> select username,account_status,lock_date,expiry_date,profile
2 from dba_users where username = 'TONGJW'
3 /

USERNAME                       ACCOUNT_STATUS                   LOCK_DATE EXPIRY_DA PROFILE
------------------------------ -------------------------------- --------- --------- ------------------------------
TONGJW                         OPEN                                                 DEFAULT

SQL> create profile test limit
2    failed_login_attempts 3
3    password_lock_time 3
4 /

Profile created.

SQL> alter user tongjw profile test;

User altered.

SQL> select username,account_status,lock_date,expiry_date,profile
2 from dba_users where username = 'TONGJW'
3 /

USERNAME                       ACCOUNT_STATUS                   LOCK_DATE EXPIRY_DA PROFILE
------------------------------ -------------------------------- --------- --------- ------------------------------
TONGJW                         OPEN                                                 TEST

SQL> alter user tongjw identified by tongjw
2 /

User altered.

SQL> conn tongjw/tong
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied


Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE.
SQL> conn tongjw/tongj
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied


SQL> conn tongjw/tong1
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied


SQL> conn jfdata/jf
Connected.
SQL> select username,account_status,lock_date,expiry_date,profile
2 from dba_users where username = 'TONGJW'
3 /

USERNAME                       ACCOUNT_STATUS                   LOCK_DATE EXPIRY_DA PROFILE
------------------------------ -------------------------------- --------- --------- ------------------------------
TONGJW                         LOCKED(TIMED)                    26-MAR-05           TEST

SQL> host
[oracle@TzDbTzcenter2 ]$ su
Password: ********
[root@TzDbTzcenter2 ]# date '04301603'
Sat Apr 30 16:03:00 CST 2005
[root@TzDbTzcenter2 ]# exit
[oracle@TzDbTzcenter2 ]$ exit

SQL> select username,account_status,lock_date,expiry_date,profile
2 from dba_users where username = 'TONGJW'
3 /

USERNAME                       ACCOUNT_STATUS                   LOCK_DATE EXPIRY_DA PROFILE
------------------------------ -------------------------------- --------- --------- ------------------------------
TONGJW                         LOCKED(TIMED)                    26-MAR-05           TEST

DBA_USERS

DBA_USERS describes all users of the database.

Related View

USER_USERS describes the current user. This view does not display the PASSWORD or PROFILE columns.

Column

Datatype

NULL

Description

USERNAME	VARCHAR2(30)	NOT NULL	Name of the user
USER_ID	NUMBER	NOT NULL	ID number of the user
PASSWORD	VARCHAR2(30)		Encrypted password
ACCOUNT_STATUS	VARCHAR2(32)	NOT NULL	Account status: OPEN EXPIRED EXPIRED(GRACE) LOCKED(TIMED) LOCKED EXPIRED & LOCKED(TIMED) EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED(TIMED) EXPIRED & LOCKED EXPIRED(GRACE) & LOCKED
LOCK_DATE	DATE		Date the account was locked if account status was LOCKED
EXPIRY_DATE	DATE		Date of expiration of the account
DEFAULT_TABLESPACE	VARCHAR2(30)	NOT NULL	Default tablespace for data
TEMPORARY_TABLESPACE	VARCHAR2(30)	NOT NULL	Default tablespace for temporary table
CREATED	DATE	NOT NULL	User creation date
PROFILE	VARCHAR2(30)	NOT NULL	User resource profile name
INITIAL_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUP	VARCHAR2(30)		Initial resource consumer group for the user
EXTERNAL_NAME	VARCHAR2(4000)		User external name

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设置ORALCE11g的用户密码永不过期的方法 | oracle更改用户密码过期，取消密码验证

2009-11-12 17:47
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