Join用法，HQL的方法，Hibernate中的fetch

Join用法:

主要有Inner Join 及 Outer Join:

最常用的（默认是Inner）：

Select <要选择的字段> From <主要资料表>

　　<Join 方式> <次要资料表> [On <Join 规则>]

Inner Join 的主要精神就是 exclusive , 叫它做排他性吧! 就是讲 Join 规则不相符的资料就会被排除掉, 譬如讲在 Product 中有一项产品的供货商代码 (SupplierId), 没有出现在 Suppliers 资料表中, 那么这笔记录便会被排除掉

Outer Join:

Select <要查询的字段> From <Left 资料表>

　　<Left | Right> [Outer] Join <Right 资料表> On <Join 规则>

语 法中的 Outer 是可以省略的, 例如你可以用 Left Join 或是 Right Join, 在本质上, Outer Join 是 inclusive, 叫它做包容性吧! 不同于 Inner Join 的排他性, 因此在 Left Outer Join 的查询结果会包含所有 Left 资料表的资料, 颠倒过来讲, Right Outer Join 的查询就会包含所有 Right 资料表的资料

另外，还有全外联：

FULL JOIN 或 FULL OUTER JOIN

完整外部联接返回左表和右表中的所有行。当某行在另一个表中没有匹配行时，则另一个表的选择列表列包含空值。如果表之间有匹配行，则整个结果集行包含基表的数据值。

以及，

交叉联接

交叉联接返回左表中的所有行，左表中的每一行与右表中的所有行组合。交叉联接也称作笛卡尔积。

没有 WHERE 子句的交叉联接将产生联接所涉及的表的笛卡尔积。第一个表的行数乘以第二个表的行数等于笛卡尔积结果集的大小。也就是说在没有 WHERE 子句的情况下，若表 A 有 3 行记录，表 B 有 6 行记录 : ：

SELECT A.*,B.* FROM 表A CROSS JOIN 表B

那以上语句会返回 18 行记录。

Fetch:

在我们查询Parent对象的时候，默认只有Parent的内容，并不包含childs的信息，如果在Parent.hbm.xml里设置lazy="false"的话才同时取出关联的所有childs内容.
问题是我既想要hibernate默认的性能又想要临时的灵活性该怎么办？  这就是fetch的功能。我们可以把fetch与lazy="true"的关系类比为事务当中的编程式事务与声明式事务,不太准确，但是大概是这个意思。
总值，fetch就是在代码这一层给你一个主动抓取得机会.

Parent parent = (Parent)hibernateTemplate.execute(new HibernateCallback() {
public Object doInHibernate(Session session) throws HibernateException, SQLException {
                Query q = session.createQuery(
"from Parent as parent "+
" left outer join fetch parent.childs " +
" where parent.id = :id"
                );
                q.setParameter("id",new Long(15));
return (Parent)q.uniqueResult();
            }
        });
        Assert.assertTrue(parent.getChilds().size() > 0);

你可以在lazy="true"的情况下把fetch去掉，就会报异常. 当然，如果lazy="false"就不需要fetch了

HQL一些特色方法：

in and between may be used as follows:

from DomesticCat cat where cat.name between 'A' and 'B'

from DomesticCat cat where cat.name in ( 'Foo', 'Bar', 'Baz' )

and the negated forms may be written

from DomesticCat cat where cat.name not between 'A' and 'B'

from DomesticCat cat where cat.name not in ( 'Foo', 'Bar', 'Baz' )

Likewise, is null and is not null may be used to test for null values.

Booleans may be easily used in expressions by declaring HQL query substitutions in Hibernate configuration:

<property name="hibernate.query.substitutions">true 1, false 0</property>

This will replace the keywords true and false with the literals 1 and 0 in the translated SQL from this HQL:

from Cat cat where cat.alive = true

You may test the size of a collection with the special property size , or the special size() function.

from Cat cat where cat.kittens.size > 0

from Cat cat where size(cat.kittens) > 0

For indexed collections, you may refer to the minimum and maximum indices using minindex and maxindex minelement and maxelement functions. functions. Similarly, you may refer to the minimum and maximum elements of a collection of basic type using the

from Calendar cal where maxelement(cal.holidays) > current_date

from Order order where maxindex(order.items) > 100

from Order order where minelement(order.items) > 10000

The SQL functions any, some, all, exists, in are supported when passed the element or index set of a collection (elements and indices functions) or the result of a subquery (see below).

select mother from Cat as mother, Cat as kit
where kit in elements(foo.kittens)

select p from NameList list, Person p
where p.name = some elements(list.names)

from Cat cat where exists elements(cat.kittens)

from Player p where 3 > all elements(p.scores)

from Show show where 'fizard' in indices(show.acts)

Note that these constructs - size , elements , indices , minindex , maxindex , minelement , maxelement - may only be used in the where clause in Hibernate3.

Elements of indexed collections (arrays, lists, maps) may be referred to by index (in a where clause only):

from Order order where order.items[0].id = 1234

select person from Person person, Calendar calendar
where calendar.holidays['national day'] = person.birthDay
    and person.nationality.calendar = calendar

select item from Item item, Order order
where order.items[ order.deliveredItemIndices[0] ] = item and order.id = 11

select item from Item item, Order order
where order.items[ maxindex(order.items) ] = item and order.id = 11

The expression inside [] may even be an arithmetic expression.

select item from Item item, Order order
where order.items[ size(order.items) - 1 ] = item

HQL also provides the built-in index() function, for elements of a one-to-many association or collection of values.

select item, index(item) from Order order 
    join order.items item
where index(item) < 5

Scalar SQL functions supported by the underlying database may be used

from DomesticCat cat where upper(cat.name) like 'FRI%'