向脚本传递参数

shift命令
向脚本传递参数时，有时需要将每一个参数偏移以处理选项，这就是 shift命令的功能。它每次将参数位置向左偏移一位，下面用一段简单脚本详述其功能。脚本使用 while循环反馈所有传递到脚本的参数。使用shift命令来处理传递到脚本的每一个参数：

#!/bin/sh
loop=0
while [ $# -ne 0 ]
do 
   echo $1
   shift
done

使用shift处理文件大小写转换

!#/bin/sh
# tr_case
# convert files to either  upper or lower case
FILES=""
TRCASE=""
EXT=""
OPT=no

# gets called when a conversion fails
error_msg()
{
_FILENAME=$1
echo "`basename $0`: Error the conversion failed on $_FILENAME"
}

if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then 
   echo "For more info try `basename $0` --help"
   exit 1
fi

while [ $# -gt 0 ]
do
  case $1 in
  #set the variables based on what option was used
  -u)TRCASE=upper
     EXT=".UC"
     OPT=yes
     shift
     ;;
  -l)TRCASE=lower
     EXT=".LC"
     OPT=yes
     shift
     ;;
  -help) echo "convert a file(s) to uppercase from lowercase"
         echo "convert a file(s) from lowercase to uppercase"
         echo "will convert all characters according to the sepcified command option."
         echo "where option is"
         echo "-l Convert to lowercase"
         echo "-u Convert to uppercase"
         echo "The original file(s) is not touched. A new file(s)"
         echo "will be created with either a .UC or .LC extension"
         echo "usage: $0 -[l|u] file [file..]"
     exit 0
     ;;
    -*) echo "usage: `basename $0` -[l|u] file [file..]"
     exit 1
     ;;

     *) # collect the files to process
     if [ -f $1 ]
       then
           # add the filenames to a variable list
           FILES=$FILES" "$1
       else
           echo "`basename $0` : Error cannot find the file $1"
     fi
     shift
     ;;
   esac
done

if [ "$OPT" = "no" ]
then
   echo "`basename $0`: Error you need to specify an option. No action taken"
   echo "`basename` --help"
   exit 1
fi
          
# now read in all the file(s)
# use the variable LOOP, I just love the word LOOP
for LOOP in $FILES
do
 case $TRCASE in
 lower) cat $LOOP|tr "[a-z]" "[A-Z]" >$LOOP$EXT
    if [ $? != 0 ]
       then 
       error_msg $LOOP
    else
       echo "Converted file called $LOOP$EXT"
    fi
    ;;
 upper) cat $LOOP|tr "[A-Z]" "[a-z]" > $LOOP$EXT
    if [ $? != 0 ]
    then
       error_msg $LOOP
    else
       echo "Converted file called $LOOP$EXT"
    fi
    ;;
  esac
done

getopts命令

#!/bin/sh
#getopts1
#set the vars
ALL=false
HELP=false
FILE=false
VERBROSE=false

while getopts ahfgv OPTION
do
  case $OPTION in
  a)ALL=true
    echo "ALL is $ALL"
    ;;
  h)HELP=true
    echo "HELP is $HELP"
    ;;
  f)FILE=true
    echo "FILE is $FILE"
    ;;
  v)VERBOSE=true
    echo "VERROSE is $VERROSE"
    ;;
  esac
done

/home/l/g/tomotoboy/getopts >getopts1 -a
ALL is true
/home/l/g/tomotoboy/getopts >getopts1 -v
VERROSE is
/home/l/g/tomotoboy/getopts >getopts1 -v -a -h
VERROSE is
ALL is true
HELP is true

getopts一般格式为：
getopts  option_string variable
在上述例子中使用脚本：
while getopts ahfgv OPTION
可以看出while循环用于读取命令行，option_string为指定的5个选项（- a，- h，- f，- g，- v）,脚本中variable为OPTION。注意这里并没有用连字符指定每一单个选项。

使用getopts指定变量取值
有时有必要在脚本中指定命令行选项取值。getopts为此提供了一种方式，即在option_string中将一个冒号放在选项后。例如：
getopts ahfvc: OPTION
上面一行脚本指出，选项 a、h、f、v可以不加实际值进行传递，而选项 c必须取值。使用选项取值时，必须使用变量 OPTARG保存该值。如果试图不取值传递此选项，会返回一个错误信息。错误信息提示并不明确，因此可以用自己的反馈信息屏蔽它，方法如下：
将冒号放在option_string开始部分。

while getopts :ahfgvc:  OPTION

#!/bin/sh
#getopts1
#set the vars
ALL=false
HELP=false
FILE=false
VERBROSE=false
COPIES=0 #the value for the -c option is set to zero
while getopts :ahfgvc: OPTION
do
  case $OPTION in
  a)ALL=true
    echo "ALL is $ALL"
    ;;
  h)HELP=true
    echo "HELP is $HELP"
    ;;
  f)FILE=true
    echo "FILE is $FILE"
    ;;
  v)VERBOSE=true
    echo "VERROSE is $VERROSE"
    ;;
  c)COPIES=$OPTARG
    echo "COPIES is $COPIES"
    ;;
  \?) #usage stagement
    echo "`basename $0` -[a h f v] -[c value] file" >&2
    ;;
 esac
done  

/home/l/g/tomotoboy/getopts >chmod 755 getopts2
/home/l/g/tomotoboy/getopts >getopts2 -c hello
COPIES is hello
/home/l/g/tomotoboy/getopts >getopts2 -h -c hello
HELP is true
COPIES is hello

访问取值方式
getopts的一种功能是运行后台脚本。这样可以使用户加入选项，指定不同的磁带设备以备份数据。使用getopts实现此任务的基本框架如下：

#!/bin/sh
QUITE=n
DEVICE=awa
LOGFILE=/tmp/logbackup
usage()
{
 echo "Usage: `basename $0` -d [device] -l [logfile] -q"
 exit 1

}
if [ $# = 0 ]
then 
  usage
fi

while getopts :qd:l: OPTION
do
  case $OPTION in
  q) QUIET=y
     LOGFILE="/tmp/backup.log"
     ;;
  d) DEVICE=$OPTARG
     ;;
  l) LOGFILE=$OPTARG   
     ;;
  \?)usage
     ;;
   esac
done
echo "you chose the following options...I can now process these"
echo "Quite = $QUIET $DEVICE $LOGFILE"