很多常用的ubuntu命令

感谢ubuntu,感谢ubuntu中国官方论坛，持续更新中

[0] = '查看软件xxx安装内容'; 'dpkg -L xxx';
[1] = '查找软件库中的软件'; 'apt-cache search 正则表达式';
[2] = '查找软件库中的软件'; 'aptitude search 软件包';
[3] = '查找文件属于哪个包'; 'dpkg -S filename';
[4] = '查找文件属于哪个包'; 'apt-file search filename';
[5] = '查询软件xxx依赖哪些包'; 'apt-cache depends xxx';
[6] = '查询软件xxx被哪些包依赖'; 'apt-cache rdepends xxx';
[7] = '增加一个光盘源'; 'sudo apt-cdrom add';
[8] = "系统升级"; 'sudo apt-get update;sudo apt-get dist-upgrade';
[9] = "清除已删除包的残馀配置文件"; "dpkg -l |grep ^rc|awk '{print $2}' |sudo xargs dpkg -P";
[10] = '编译时缺少h文件的自动处理'; 'sudo auto-apt run ./configure';
[11] = "查看安装软件时下载包的临时存放目录"; "ls /var/cache/apt/archives";
[12] = "备份当前系统安装的所有包的列表"; "dpkg --get-selections | grep -v deinstall > ~/somefile";
[13] = "从备份的安装包的列表文件恢复所有包"; "dpkg --set-selections < ~/somefile;sudo dselect";
[14] = "清理旧版本的软件缓存"; "sudo apt-get autoclean";
[15] = "清理所有软件缓存"; "sudo apt-get clean";
[16] = "删除系统不再使用的孤立软件"; "sudo apt-get autoremove";
[17] = "查看包在服务器上面的地址"; "apt-get -qq --print-uris install ssh | cut -d\\' -f2";
[18] = "查看内核"; "uname -a";
[19] = "查看Ubuntu版本"; "cat /etc/issue 或 lsb_release -a";
[20] = "查看内核加载的模块"; "lsmod";
[21] = "查看PCI设备"; "lspci";
[22] = "查看USB设备"; "lsusb -v";
[23] = "查看网卡状态"; "sudo ethtool eth0";
[24] = "查看CPU信息"; "cat /proc/cpuinfo";
[25] = "显示当前硬件信息"; "sudo lshw";
[26] = "显示系统运行时间"; "uptime";
[27] = "查看硬盘的分区"; "sudo fdisk -l";
[28] = "硬盘分区"; "sudo fdisk /dev/sda";
[29] = "硬盘格式化"; "sudo mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda1";
[30] = "硬盘检查(请不要检查已经挂载的分区，否则容易损坏数据)"; "sudo fsck /dev/sda1";
[31] = "分区挂载"; "sudo mount -t 文件系统类型 (-o nls=utf8 或 -o iocharset=utf8) 设备路经 访问路经 ";
[32] = "分区卸载"; "sudo umount 目录名或设备名";
[33] = "查看IDE硬盘信息"; "sudo hdparm -i /dev/hda";
[34] = "查看STAT硬盘信息 "; "sudo hdparm -I /dev/sda 或 sudo blktool /dev/sda id";
[35] = "查看硬盘剩馀空间"; "df";
[36] = "查看目录占用空间"; "du -hs 目录名";
[37] = "优盘没法卸载"; "sync;fuser -km /media/usbdisk";
[38] = "查看硬盘当前读写情况"; "sudo iostat -x 2";
[39] = "查看当前的内存使用情况"; "free";
[40] = "动态显示进程执行情况"; "top";
[41] = "查看当前有哪些进程"; "ps -A";
[42] = "查看当前进程树"; "pstree";
[43] = "中止一个进程"; "kill 进程号 或 killall 进程名";
[44] = "强制中止一个进程"; "kill -9 进程号 或 killall -9 进程名";
[45] = "图形方式中止一个程序"; "xkill 出现骷髅标志的鼠标，点击需要中止的程序即可";
[46] = "查看进程打开的文件"; "lsof -p";
[47] = "显示开启文件abc.txt的进程 "; "lsof abc.txt ";
[48] = "显示22端口现在运行什么程序 "; "lsof -i :22 ";
[49] = "显示nsd进程现在打开的文件 "; "lsof -c nsd";
[50] = "在后台运行程序，退出登录后，并不结束程序 "; "nohup 程序 &";
[51] = "详细显示程序的运行信息 "; "strace -f -F -o outfile <cmd>";
[52] = "增加系统最大打开文件个数"; "ulimit -n 4096 或 echo 4096 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max";
[53] = "配置 ADSL "; "sudo pppoeconf";
[54] = "ADSL手工拨号"; "sudo pon dsl-provider";
[55] = "激活 ADSL"; "sudo /etc/ppp/pppoe_on_boot";
[56] = "断开 ADSL "; "sudo poff";
[57] = "查看拨号日志"; "sudo plog";
[58] = "如何设置动态域名"; "w3m -no-cookie -dump 'http://usere:[e-mail]/dyndns/update?system=dyndns&hostname=yourdns.3322.org'";
[59] = "根据IP查网卡地址 "; "arping IP地址";
[60] = "根据IP查电脑名 "; "nmblookup -A IP地址";
[61] = "查看当前IP地址 "; "ifconfig eth0 |awk '/inet/ {split($2,x,\":\");print x[2]}'";
[62] = "查看当前外网的IP地址 "; "w3m -no-cookie -dump www.123cha.com|grep -o '[0-9]\\{1,3\\}\\.[0-9]\\{1,3\\}\\.[0-9]\\{1,3\\}\\.[0-9]\\{1,3\\}'";
[63] = "查看当前监听80端口的程序 "; "lsof -i :80";
[64] = "查看当前网卡的物理地址"; "arp -a | awk '{print $4}'";
[65] = "同一个网卡增加第二个IP地址 "; "sudo ifconfig eth0:0 1.2.3.4 netmask 255.255.255.0";
[66] = "立即让网络支持nat "; "echo 1 | sudo tee /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward; sudo iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -j MASQUERADE ";
[67] = "查看路由信息"; "netstat -rn 或 sudo route -n";
[68] = "手工增加一条路由 "; "sudo route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 172.16.0.1";
[69] = "手工删除一条路由"; "sudo route del -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 172.16.0.1";
[70] = "修改网卡MAC地址的方法 "; "sudo ifconfig eth0 hw ether 00:AA:BB:CC:DD:EE";
[71] = "统计当前IP连接的个数 "; "netstat -na|grep ESTABLISHED|awk '{print $5}'|awk -F: '{print $1}'|sort|uniq -c|sort -r -n";
[72] = "屏蔽IPV6 "; "echo 'blacklist ipv6' | sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-ipv6";
[73] = "察看当前网络连接状况以及程序 "; "sudo netstat -atnp";
[74] = "查看ADSL的当前流量"; "sudo ethstatus -i ppp0";
[75] = "查看域名的注册备案情况"; "whois baidu.cn";
[76] = "查看到某一个域名的路由情况"; "tracepath baidu.cn";
[77] = "重新从服务器获得IP地址 "; "sudo dhclient";
[78] = "下载网站文档"; "wget -r -p -np -k http://www.xxx.com";
[79] = "如何5个线程下载"; "axel -n 5 http://www.xxx.com/downloadfile.zip";
[80] = "添加一个服务"; "sudo update-rc.d 服务名 defaults 99";
[81] = "删除一个服务 "; "sudo update-rc.d 服务名 remove";
[82] = "临时重启一个服务"; "/etc/init.d/服务名 restart";
[83] = "临时关闭一个服务"; "/etc/init.d/服务名 stop";
[84] = "临时启动一个服务"; "/etc/init.d/服务名 start";
[85] = "增加用户"; "sudo adduser 用户名";
[86] = "删除用户"; "sudo deluser 用户名";
[87] = "修改当前用户的密码"; "passwd";
[88] = "修改用户密码"; "sudo passwd 用户名";
[89] = "修改用户资料"; "sudo chfn userid";
[90] = "如何禁用某个帐户"; "sudo usermod -L 用户名 或 sudo passwd -l 用户名";
[91] = "如何启用某个帐户"; "sudo usermod -U 用户名 或 sudo passwd -u 用户名";
[92] = "增加用户到admin组"; "sudo usermod -G admin -a 用户名";
[93] = "配置默认Java使用哪个 "; "sudo update-alternatives --config java";
[94] = "终端设置代理 "; "export http_proxy=http://xx.xx.xx.xx:xxx";
[95] = "修改系统登录信息"; "sudo vim /etc/motd";
[96] = "使用sun的java编译器"; "sudo update-java-alternatives -s java-6-sun";
[97] = "切换输入法引擎"; "im-switch -c";
[98] = "转换文件名由GBK为UTF8 "; "convmv -r -f cp936 -t utf8 --notest --nosmart *";
[99] = "转换文件内容由GBK到UTF8 "; "iconv -f gbk -t utf8 $i > newfile";
[100] = "转换 mp3 标签编码 "; "sudo apt-get install python-mutagen;find . -iname '*.mp3' -execdir mid3iconv -e GBK {} \\;";
[101] = "控制台下显示中文 "; "sudo apt-get install zhcon;zhcon --utf8 --drv=vga";
[102] = "lftp 登录远程Windows中文FTP　"; "lftp :~>set ftp:charset GBK";
[103] = "PDF 文件乱码 "; "sudo apt-get install xpdf-chinese-simplified xpdf-chinese-traditional poppler-data";
[104] = "一屏查看文件内容 "; "cat 文件名";
[105] = "分页查看文件内容"; "more 文件名";
[106] = "可控分页查看文件内容"; "less 文件名";
[107] = "根据字符串匹配来查看文件部分内容"; "grep 字符串 文件名";
[108] = "显示包含字符串的文件名"; "grep -l -r 字符串 路径";
[109] = "显示不包含字符串的文件名"; "grep -L -r 字符串 路径";
[110] = "快速查找某个文件"; "find 目录 -name 文件名";
[111] = "创建两个空文件"; "touch file1 file2";
[112] = "递归式创建一些嵌套目录"; "mkdir –p /tmp/xxs/dsd/efd";
[113] = "递归式删除嵌套目录"; "rm –fr /tmp/xxs";
[114] = "回当前用户的宿主目录"; "cd ~";
[115] = "查看当前所在目录的绝对路经"; "pwd";
[116] = "列出当前目录下的所有文件"; "ls -a";
[117] = "移动路径下的文件并改名"; "mv 路径/文件  /新路径/新文件名";
[118] = "复制文件或者目录"; "cp -av 原文件或原目录 新文件或新目录";
[119] = "查看文件类型"; "file filename";
[120] = "对比两个文件之间的差异"; "diff file1 file2";
[121] = "显示xxx文件倒数6行的内容 "; "tail -n 6 xxx";
[122] = "不停地显示最新的内容 "; "tail -n 10 -f /var/log/apache2/access.log";
[123] = "查看文件第五行到第10行的内容 "; "sed -n '5,10p' /var/log/apache2/access.log";
[124] = "查找关于xxx的命令 "; "apropos xxx 或 man -k xxx";
[125] = "通过ssh传输文件 "; "scp -rp /path/filename username@remoteIP:/path ";
[126] = "把所有文件的后辍由rm改为rmvb "; "rename 's/.rm$/.rmvb/' *";
[127] = "把所有文件名中的大写改为小写"; "rename 'tr/A-Z/a-z/' *";
[128] = "删除特殊文件名 --help.txt 的文件"; "rm -- --help.txt 或 rm ./--help.txt";
[129] = "查看当前目录的子目录"; "ls -d */. 或 echo */.";
[130] = "将最近30天访问过的文件移动到上级back目录 "; "find . -type f -atime -30 -exec mv {} ../back \\;";
[131] = "显示一小时以内的包含 xxxx 的文件"; "find . -type f -mmin -60|xargs -i  grep -l xxxx '{}'";
[132] = "显示最近2小时到8小时之内的文件"; "find . -mmin +120 -mmin -480 -exec more {} \\;";
[133] = "删除修改时间在30天之前的文件 "; "find . -type f -mtime +30 -mtime -3600 -exec rm {} \\;";
[134] = "删除创建时间在30天之前的文件 "; "find . -type f -ctime +30 -ctime -3600 -exec rm {} \\;";
[135] = "删除掉guest的以avi或rm结尾的文件"; "find . -name '*.avi' -o -name '*.rm' -user 'guest' -exec rm {} \\;";
[136] = "删除掉不以java和xml结尾7天没有使用的文件 "; "find . ! -name *.java ! -name '*.xml' -atime +7 -exec rm {} \\;";
[137] = "删除所有的 .svn 目录 "; "find . -name .svn -type d -exec rm -fr {} \\;";
[138] = "删除所有以“~”结尾的临时文件 "; "find . -name '*~' -exec rm {} \\;";
[139] = "统计当前文件个数"; "ls .|wc -w";
[140] = "统计当前目录个数"; "ls -l |grep ^d|wc -l";
[141] = "显示当前目录下2006-01-01的文件名 "; "ls -l |grep 2006-01-01 |awk '{print $8}'";
[142] = "使用ssh方式同步远程数据到本地目录 "; "rsync -Pa -I --size-only --delete --timeout=300 Remote_IP:/home/ubuntu /backup";
[143] = "增加 7Z 压缩软件"; "sudo apt-get install p7zip p7zip-full p7zip-rar";
[144] = "增加 rar 软件压缩和解压缩支持 "; "sudo apt-get install rar unrar";
[145] = "解压缩 xxx.tar.gz "; "tar -zxvf xxx.tar.gz";
[146] = "解压缩 xxx.tar.bz2 "; "tar -jxvf xxx.tar.bz2";
[147] = "压缩aaa bbb目录为xxx.tar.gz "; "tar -zcvf xxx.tar.gz aaa bbb";
[148] = "压缩aaa bbb目录为xxx.tar.bz2 "; "tar -jcvf xxx.tar.bz2 aaa bbb";
[149] = "增加 lha 支持 "; "sudo apt-get install lha";
[150] = "增加解 cab 文件支持 "; "sudo apt-get install cabextract";
[151] = "显示日历"; "cal";
[152] = "设置日期"; "date -s mm/dd/yy";
[153] = "设置时间"; "date -s HH:MM";
[154] = "将时间写入CMOS "; "hwclock --systohc";
[155] = "查看CMOS时间 "; "hwclock --show";
[156] = "读取CMOS时间 "; "hwclock --hctosys";
[157] = "从服务器上同步时间 "; "sudo ntpdate ntp.ubuntu.com";
[158] = "设置电脑的时区为上海"; "sudo cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime";
[159] = "关闭UTC，将当前时间写入CMOS。"; "sudo sed -ie 's/UTC=yes/UTC=no/g' /etc/default/rcS;sudo hwclock --systohc";
[160] = "修改mysql的root口令 "; "sudo mysqladmin -u root -p password '你的新密码'";
[161] = "如何使用命令关闭显示器 "; "xset dpms force off";
[162] = "设置CPU的频率 "; "sudo apt-get install cpufrequtils;sudo cpufreq-info ";
[163] = "命令关机"; "sudo halt";
[164] = "现在关机"; "sudo shutdown -h now";
[165] = "晚上11点自动关机"; "sudo shutdown -h 23:00";
[166] = "60分钟后关机"; "sudo shutdown -h +60";
[167] = "命令重启电脑"; "sudo reboot";
[168] = "现在重启电脑"; "sudo shutdown -r now";
[169] = "关闭笔记本的触摸板 "; "synclient touchpadoff=1";
[170] = "开启笔记本的触摸板"; "synclient touchpadoff=0";
[171] = "统计每个单词的出现频率并排序 "; "awk '{arr[$1]+=1 }END{for(i in arr){print arr[i]\"\\t\"i}}' FILE_NAME | sort -rn";
[172] = "统计80端口的连接并排序 "; "netstat -na|grep :80|awk '{print $5}'|awk -F: '{print $1}'|sort|uniq -c|sort -r -n";
[173] = "把终端加到右键菜单"; "sudo apt-get install nautilus-open-terminal ";
[174] = "如何删除Totem电影播放机的播放历史记录 "; "rm ~/.recently-used";
[175] = "vim 如何显示彩色字符 "; "sudo cp /usr/share/vim/vimcurrent/vimrc_example.vim /usr/share/vim/vimrc";
[176] = "让 vim 直接支持编辑 .gz 文件 "; "sudo apt-get install vim-full";
[177] = "vim 如何显示行号"; ":set number";
[178] = "查看在会话设置的启动程序"; "ls ~/.config/autostart";
[179] = "提高wine的反应速度 "; "sudo sed -ie '/GBK/,/^}/d' /usr/share/X11/locale/zh_CN.UTF-8/XLC_LOCALE";
[180] = "制作ISO文件"; "mkisofs -o test.iso -Jrv -V test_disk /home/carla/";
[181] = "延迟10秒抓图"; "gnome-screenshot -d 10";
[182] = "延迟5秒抓当前激活窗口"; "gnome-screenshot -w -d 5";
[183] = "如何命令行刻录"; "cdrecord -scanbus;cdrecord -v -eject speed=8 dev=1,1,0 test.iso";
[184] = "回收站在哪里"; "~/.local/share/Trash/";
[185] = "默认打开方式的配置文件在哪里"; "~/.local/share/applications/mimeapps.list";
[186] = "如何查看HTTP头"; "w3m -dump_head http://www.xxx.com";
[187] = "连续监视内存使用情况"; "watch  -d free";
[188] = "如何切换到root帐号"; "sudo -Hs";
[189] = "只读挂载ntfs分区"; "sudo mount -t ntfs -o nls=utf8,umask=0 /dev/sdb1 /mnt/c";
[190] = "可写挂载ntfs分区"; "sudo mount -t ntfs-3g -o locale=zh_CN.utf8,umask=0 /dev/sdb1 /mnt/c";
[191] = "挂载fat32分区"; "sudo mount -t vfat -o iocharset=utf8,umask=0 /dev/sda1 /mnt/c";
[192] = "挂载共享文件"; "sudo mount -t smbfs -o  username=xxx,password=xxx,iocharset=utf8 //192.168.1.1/share /mnt/share";
[193] = "挂载ISO文件"; "sudo mount -t iso9660 -o loop,utf8 xxx.iso /mnt/iso";
[194] = "带行号显示文件的内容"; "nl 文件名";
[195] = "批量将rmvb转为avi"; "for i in *; do mencoder -oac mp3lame -lameopts vbr=3 -ovc xvid -xvidencopts fixed_quant=4 -of avi $i -o `echo $i | sed -e 's/rmvb$/avi/'`; done";
[196] = "批量将svg转为png"; "for i in *; do inkscape $i --export-png=`echo $i | sed -e 's/svg$/png/'`; done";
[197] = "批量缩小图片到30%"; "for i in *; do convert -resize 30%x30% $1 sm-$1; done";
[198] = "批量转换jpg到png"; "for i in *; do convert $i `echo $i | sed -e 's/jpg$/png/'`; done";
[199] = "获取jpg的扩展信息(Exif)"; "identify -verbose xxx.jpg";
[200] = "查看当前系统所有的监听端口"; "nc -zv localhost 1-65535";
[201] = "去掉文件中的^M"; "cat filename | tr -d \"^M\" > newfile";
[202] = "去掉文件中的^M"; "sed -e \"s/^M//g\" filename > newfile";
[203] = "转换bin/cue到iso文件"; "sudo apt-get install bchunk;bchunk image.bin image.cue image";
[204] = "转换目录到iso文件"; "mkisofs dirname -o isofile.iso";
[205] = "转换CD到iso文件"; "dd if=/dev/cdrom of=isofile.iso";
[206] = "ape转换为flac"; "sudo apt-get install flac shntool;shntool split -t \"%n.%p-%t\" -f example_UTF-8.cue -o flac example.ape -d flacOutputDir";
[207] = "ape转换为mp3"; "sudo apt-get install flac shntool lame;shntool split -t \"%n.%p-%t\" -f example_UTF-8.cue -o 'cust ext=mp3 lame --r3mix -b 320 --quiet - %f' example.ape -d mp3OutputDir";
[208] = "检查本地是否存在安全隐患"; "sudo apt-get install rkhunter;rkhunter --checkall";
[209] = "如何安装杀毒软件"; "sudo apt-get install clamav;clamscan -r ~/";
[210] = "查看网络连接状态"; "netstat -n | awk '/^tcp/ {++S[$NF]} END {for(a in S) print a, S[a]}'";
[211] = "统计程序的内存耗用"; "ps -eo fname,rss|awk '{arr[$1]+=$2} END {for (i in arr) {print i,arr[i]}}'|sort -k2 -nr";
[212] = "显示当前内存大小"; "free -m |grep \"Mem\" | awk '{print $2}'";
[213] = "按内存从大到小排列进程"; "ps -eo \"%C  : %p : %z : %a\"|sort -k5 -nr";
[214] = "按cpu利用率从大到小排列进程"; "ps -eo \"%C  : %p : %z : %a\"|sort  -nr";
[215] = "统计当前目录下所有jpg文件的尺寸"; "find . -name *.jpg -exec wc -c {} \\;|awk '{print $1}'|awk '{a+=$1}END{print a}'";
[216] = "清除僵死进程"; "ps -eal | awk '{ if ($2 == \"Z\") {print $4}}' | sudo kill -9";
[217] = "CD 抓轨为 mp3 (有损)"; "sudo apt-get install abcde;abcde -o mp3 -b";
[218] = "CD 抓轨为 Flac (无损)"; "sudo apt-get install abcde;abcde -o flac -b";
[219] = "显示系统安装包的统计信息"; "apt-cache stats";
[220] = "显示系统全部可用包的名称"; "apt-cache pkgnames";
[221] = "显示包的信息"; "apt-cache show k3b";
[222] = "显示文件夹大小"; "du -hs /path/dir/"
[223] = "显示文件夹下目录大小“； ”du -hs /path/dir/*"
[223] = "显示当前目录下目录大小，并按大小排序";"du -s *|sort -n"
[224] = "当前屏幕向左反转“;"xrandr -o left"
[225] = "当前屏幕正常显示，不在反转";"xrandr -o normal"
[226] = "显示当前的链接";"netstat -atn|grep "ES""
[227] = "切换鼠标左右键";'xmodmap -e "pointer = 3 2 1"'
[228] = "";"xset -display :0.0 dpms force off"
[228] = "在屏幕和日志中都显示内容";"echo 3|sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"
[229］= “setxkbmap -layout fr”
[230] = “sudo swapoff -a”
[231] = "打包的时候跳过目录下的某个子目录"," tar cvf test.tar test/ --exclude test/logs"
[241] = "判断是不是一组数字","a=1234;echo "$a"|[ -n "`sed -n '/^[0-9][0-9]*$/p'`" ] && echo string a is numbers"
[242] = "只让IP地址为192.168.1.110的远程机器可以连接到这台被保护的主机上","/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --syn -s 192.168.1.110/32 --destination-port 22 -j ACCEPT "
[243] = "只要打开22端口，而其它的所有端口依然关闭即可","/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --syn --destination-port 22 -j ACCEPT"
[244] = "通过TCP/IP连接到这个Linux服务器上，则会被完全拒绝","/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --syn -j DROP "
[245] = "vim中按backspace键出现^?，而且不能删除字符“,"stty erase ^?"
[246] = "依次浏览上一条历史命令“,"Control+P"
[247] = "更改图片大小","find . -name '*.jpg' | while read i;do convert -resize 30% "$i" "${i%.jpg}_.jpg";rm "$i";done"
[248] = "批量命名" "for i in `ls log*`; do mv "$i" "$i".bak; done"
[249] = "vim中使用别的编码打开文件";:e ++enc=编码 文件名