Lesson 9

Lesson 9 CapitalCapital: Making Work More Productive
第9课资本：使工作更具生产力
Teaching Objectives:1. To teach how using physical capital in the production process increases productivity.
2. To teach bow technological improvements in capital increase productivity.
Economic Concepts/Vocabulary:Production, Productive Resources, Capital, Human Capital, Productivity
教学目标：1。教如何在生产过程中使用的物质资本提高了生产效率。
2.要教增资生产率弓技术改进。
经济概念/词汇：生产，生产资源，资本，人力资本，生产力
Discussion of Economic Concepts:
Because productive resources are limited, it is important to use them efficiently in the production process. Throughout history, greater efficiency (increased productivity) in production has resulted largely from technological improvements in physical capital. Using improved capital has allowed workers to be much more productive, (more output per hour worked), which has resulted in higher incomes and higher standards of living. However, improvements in capital make some jobs obsolete, and force some workers to change jobs.
The concept of human capital is also very important. Human capital refers to the skills gained through education and training. Workers who have acquired high levels of human capital are generally more productive than those who have not, and therefore earn higher wages and salaries.
讨论经济概念：
因为生产资源是有限的，为了有效地使用它们在生产过程中是非常重要的。纵观历史，更高的效率（提高生产力）的产量主要来自于物质资本的技术进步造成的。利用改进的资本已经允许工人更加富有成效，（每小时工作产出），这导致更高的收入和更高的生活水平。然而，改善资本做一些工作过时，并迫使一些工人转业。
人力资本的概念也很重要。人力资本是指通过教育和培训中获得的技能。谁已经获得高水平的人力资本的工人通常比那些谁没有，因此获得更高的工资和薪水更富有成效。
Teaching Tips:
1. As in Lesson 8 on specialization, it is very important to have the new assembly line
process planned ahead of time. Use the attached diagram, Assembly Line Using Im-proved Capital, to help you.
2. You may be able to improvise and use other kinds of "capital" in the production process. The important thing is to use capital that dramatically increases the productivity of one group over another.
3. Be sure to explain that the wooden discs represent real capital (tools, machinery, equip-ment, buildings) that businesses use.
教学技巧：
1.如专业化8课，这是非常重要的是要有新装配线
流程计划的时间提前。使用附带的图，装配生产线使用IM-证明资本，来帮助你。
2.您可以凑合，用其他种类的“资本”在生产过程中。最重要的是利用资本，大幅增加一组的生产力在另一个。
3.一定要解释，木盘代表实际资本（工具，机械，装备，包换，建筑物）的企业使用。
Teaching Procedure:
1. Ask students if they would like to do another hamburger production lesson using play dough. Tell the students that they will have to produce as many hamburgers as possible in a given period of time, as in the previous lesson on specialization.
2. Divide students into the same two groups as in the specialization lesson. Give the assembly line group the same "capital" used in that lesson (1 pencil, 3 rulers). Pass out identical amounts of play dough to each group.
3. Show the other group how to use the nsw capital and briefly allow themto get organized before production begins. Use the attached Assembly Line Using Improved Capital diagram to help you. (To make hamburgers and buns, roll the play dough into balls and then press with the plywood circles until the play dough flattens to the circle's edge. The circle with the nails is a very quick way to imprint 16 sesame seed holes in the top bun.)
4. Allow about 5 minutes for production. Each hamburger must have 2 inch buns,a 1 1/2
inch meat patty, 3 dabs of ketchup and mustard, 2 pickles, and 16 sesame seeds. Count the number produced by each group, making sure that all hamburgers meet the correct standards.
5. Discuss the following questions:
a. Did both groups divide the labor? (Yes) Which group made the most hamburgers?(The group with improved capital)
b. Did the most productive group produce more because they worked harder?(No)Why did they produce more? (They had better capital.)
c. What did the wooden discs represent? (Actual tools, equipment, and machinery used by businesses)
d. Why does having better capital make a difference? (It makes workers more produc-tive i.e., they can produce more in the same amount of time.)
e. Do you think that workers who use modern, more efficient capital would be paid less or more than workers who do not use capital, or who use older, less efficient capital.(More, since more efficient capital lets workers produce more goods or services inthe same amount of time, making the workers more valuable to their employers.)
f. What are ways that other producers of goods and services use capital to improve
productivity? (Farmers use tractors, combines, plows; dentists use instruments, dentist chair, etc.)
教学过程：
1.询问学生是否愿意用橡皮泥做的另一个汉堡生产的一课。告诉他们将要产生尽可能多的汉堡包尽可能在给定的时间段，在上一课专业化的学生。
2.将学生分为两组相同作为专业化的教训。给装配线组中的教训（1铅笔，3统治者）使用相同的“资本”。传递出相同量发挥面团每组。
3.显示另一组如何使用新南威尔士州首府，并简要让各国财长组织起来的生产开始之前。使用附带的装配线采用改进的资本图表来帮助你。 （为了使汉堡包和包子，滚动播放面团成丸子，然后按与胶合板圈子，直到戏面团压平到圆的边缘，与指甲圆是一个非常快速的方式来印16烧饼孔顶髻。）
4.允许大约5分钟进行生产。每个汉堡包必须有2英寸的包子，一个1 1/2
寸肉饼，3 dAb的番茄酱和芥末，2咸菜和16芝麻。算由每个组产生的数，确保所有汉堡包符合正确的标准。
5.讨论以下问题：
A。难道这两个群体划分的劳动？ （是）哪一组做了最汉堡包？（本组采用改进的资本）
B。也最有生产力的组产生更多的，因为他们的工作更难？（否）为什么他们产生更多？（他们有更好的资本。）
C。什么木盘代表什么？ （实际的工具，设备和企业使用的机械）
D。为什么有更好的资本有所作为？ （它使工人更加全国生产-略去也就是说，它们可以在相同时间内产生更多。）
即你认为谁用现代，更高效的资本工人将支付比不使用的资本，或者谁使用旧的，低效率的资本谁工人少跌多。（更多，因为更高效的资本让工人生产更多的在矿井的商品或服务相同量的时间，使工作人员更有价值雇主。）
F。什么是其他生产者的商品和服务的使用资金，以改善方式
生产力？ （农民用拖拉机，联合收割机，犁，牙医用仪器，牙科椅等）
Follow-up and Extension Activities
1. Have students research the advancement of technology in a specific industry, such as agriculture or dentistry. There are many other examples. Have students draw or find pictures of the various stages of technology. Use this for a bulletin board theme.
2. Have students invent a new technological process or machine for producing some
product. Let them draw the process or machine and explain how it works. Accept any creative ideas.
3. Expand the concept of capital to include human capital. Explore the training and education needed to produce various goods and services. How do people get training and education? Does more education and training generally result in higher incomes? (Yes. Conduct a confidential survey, or analyze the Want Ads in the newspaper to see if this is true.) What is the opportunity cost of acquiring more education and training? (Giving up the opportunity to earn income in the present; and the goods and services one cannot buy or the savings that cannot occur, because of tu tition, book costs, etc.)
后续行动和推广活动
1.让学生研究技术的进步在一个特定的行业，如农业或牙科。还有许多其他的例子。让学生绘制或发现技术的各个阶段的照片。使用此一公告牌的主题。
2.让学生发明了一种新的工艺或机器用于生产一些
产品。让他们绘制过程或机器，并解释它是如何工作的。接受任何创造性的想法。
3.展开资本的概念，包括人力资本。探索培训和教育需要生产各种商品和服务。人们怎样的培训和教育？是否更多的教育和培训通常会导致更高的收入？ （是的。进行一次秘密调查，或分析求购广告在报纸上看到，如果这是真的。）什么是获得更多的教育和培训的机会成本？ （放弃赚取的收入在目前的机会;以及货物和服务可以不买或可以不发生的储蓄，因为屠天信，书费，等等）