做项目时碰到Controller不能使用aop进行拦截,从网上搜索得知:使用spring mvc 启动了两个context:applicationContext 和WebapplicationContext。
首先我们来了解applicationContext 和WebapplicationContext区别和联系吧
1. ApplicationContext和 WebApplicationContext是继承关系
/** * Interface to provide configuration for a web application. This is read-only while * the application is running, but may be reloaded if the implementation supports this. * * <p>This interface adds a {@code getServletContext()} method to the generic * ApplicationContext interface, and defines a well-known application attribute name * that the root context must be bound to in the bootstrap process. * * <p>Like generic application contexts, web application contexts are hierarchical. * There is a single root context per application, while each servlet in the application * (including a dispatcher servlet in the MVC framework) has its own child context. * * <p>In addition to standard application context lifecycle capabilities, * WebApplicationContext implementations need to detect {@link ServletContextAware} * beans and invoke the {@code setServletContext} method accordingly.*/ public interface WebApplicationContext extends ApplicationContext {
2. ContextLoaderListener 创建基于web的应用 根 applicationContext 并将它放入到 ServletContext. applicationContext加载或者卸载spring管理的beans。在structs和spring mvc的控制层都是这样使用的。
3. DispatcherServlet创建自己的 WebApplicationContext并管理这个WebApplicationContext里面的 handlers/controllers/view-resolvers.
4. 当 ContextLoaderListener和 DispatcherServlet一起使用时, ContextLoaderListener 先创建一个根applicationContext,然后 DispatcherSerlvet创建一个子applicationContext并且绑定到根applicationContext。
首先来看看web.xml的定义:
一般的web应用,通过ContextLoaderListener监听,ContextLoaderListener中加载的context成功后,spring 将 applicationContext存放在ServletContext中key值为"org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext.ROOT"的attribute中。
<listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class> </listener> <context-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value>classpath*:conf/applicationContext*.xml</param-value> </context-param>
DispatcherServlet加载的context成功后,会将applicationContext存放在org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.CONTEXT. + (servletName)的attribute中。
<servlet> <servlet-name>mvcServlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class> <init-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value>classpath:conf/spring-dispatcher-servlet.xml</param-value> </init-param> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> </servlet>
当然,如果没有指定*servlet.xml 配置,则默认使用 DispatcherServlet的默认配置DispatcherServlet.properties
# Default implementation classes for DispatcherServlet's strategy interfaces. # Used as fallback when no matching beans are found in the DispatcherServlet context. # Not meant to be customized by application developers. org.springframework.web.servlet.LocaleResolver=org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver org.springframework.web.servlet.ThemeResolver=org.springframework.web.servlet.theme.FixedThemeResolver org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerMapping=org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping,\ org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerAdapter=org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.HttpRequestHandlerAdapter,\ org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter,\ org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerExceptionResolver=org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerExceptionResolver,\ org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.ResponseStatusExceptionResolver,\ org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.support.DefaultHandlerExceptionResolver org.springframework.web.servlet.RequestToViewNameTranslator=org.springframework.web.servlet.view.DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator org.springframework.web.servlet.ViewResolver=org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver org.springframework.web.servlet.FlashMapManager=org.springframework.web.servlet.support.SessionFlashMapManager
简单的来说:spring bean的管理在applicationContext中,ContextLoaderListener的作用:
1. 将applicationContext的生命周期和servletContext的生命周期联系到一起。
2. 自动管理applicationContext的创建,ContextLoaderListener 给我们提供了一个便利,不用显式的去创建applicationContext。
DispatcherServlet 相关bean的管理在 WebApplicationContext,
ServletContextListener创建WebApplicationContext,WebApplicationContext可以访问 ServletContext/
ServletContextAware这些bean,还可以访问getServletContext方法。
正式的官方文档:
A web application can define any number of DispatcherServlets. Each servlet will operate in its own namespace, loading its own application context with mappings, handlers, etc. Only the root application context as loaded by ContextLoaderListener, if any, will be shared. As of Spring 3.1, DispatcherServlet may now be injected with a web application context, rather than creating its own internally. This is useful in Servlet 3.0+ environments, which support programmatic registration of servlet instances.
在一个web应用中使用多个 DispatcherServlet,每个servlet通过自己的命名空间来获取自己的webapplicationContext,然后加载此applicationContext里面的hangdlerMapping,hangdlerAdapter等等。ContextLoaderListener加载根application,所有子applicationContext共享根applicationContext。
从版本3.1 后,spring 支持将DispatcherServlet注入到根applicationContext,而不用创建自己的webapplicationContext,这主要为支持servlet 3.0 以上版本环境的要求,因为servlet 3.0 以上版本支持使用编程的方式来注册servlet实例。
spring支持使用多层层次applicationContext,通常我们使用两层结构就够了。
接下来,通过深入源代码层来探究WebApplicationContext是如何创建的?
1. DispatcherServlet的初始化过程使用到applicationContext。
我们知道DispatcherServlet直接继承自FrameworkServlet,而FrameworkServlet又继承了HttpServletBean和 ApplicationContextAware。
2. FrameworkServlet实现了ApplicationContextAware接口的setApplicationContext()方法,可知DispatcherServlet的applicationContext来自FrameworkServlet。
/** * Called by Spring via {@link ApplicationContextAware} to inject the current * application context. This method allows FrameworkServlets to be registered as * Spring beans inside an existing {@link WebApplicationContext} rather than * {@link #findWebApplicationContext() finding} a * {@link org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener bootstrapped} context. * <p>Primarily added to support use in embedded servlet containers. * @since 4.0 */ @Override public void setApplicationContext(ApplicationContext applicationContext) { if (this.webApplicationContext == null && applicationContext instanceof WebApplicationContext) { this.webApplicationContext = (WebApplicationContext) applicationContext; this.webApplicationContextInjected = true; } }
3. FrameworkServlet的setApplicationContext()方法中WebApplicationContext是如何实例化的呢?
FrameworkServlet继承自HttpServletBean,HttpServletBean的初始化方法:
/** * Map config parameters onto bean properties of this servlet, and * invoke subclass initialization. * @throws ServletException if bean properties are invalid (or required * properties are missing), or if subclass initialization fails. */ @Override public final void init() throws ServletException { if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Initializing servlet '" + getServletName() + "'"); } // Set bean properties from init parameters. try { PropertyValues pvs = new ServletConfigPropertyValues(getServletConfig(), this.requiredProperties); BeanWrapper bw = PropertyAccessorFactory.forBeanPropertyAccess(this); ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new ServletContextResourceLoader(getServletContext()); bw.registerCustomEditor(Resource.class, new ResourceEditor(resourceLoader, getEnvironment())); initBeanWrapper(bw); bw.setPropertyValues(pvs, true); } catch (BeansException ex) { logger.error("Failed to set bean properties on servlet '" + getServletName() + "'", ex); throw ex; } // Let subclasses do whatever initialization they like. initServletBean(); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Servlet '" + getServletName() + "' configured successfully"); } }
FrameworkServlet 实现了initServletBean();
/** * Overridden method of {@link HttpServletBean}, invoked after any bean properties * have been set. Creates this servlet's WebApplicationContext. */ @Override protected final void initServletBean() throws ServletException { getServletContext().log("Initializing Spring FrameworkServlet '" + getServletName() + "'"); if (this.logger.isInfoEnabled()) { this.logger.info("FrameworkServlet '" + getServletName() + "': initialization started"); } long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); try { this.webApplicationContext = initWebApplicationContext(); initFrameworkServlet(); } catch (ServletException ex) { this.logger.error("Context initialization failed", ex); throw ex; } catch (RuntimeException ex) { this.logger.error("Context initialization failed", ex); throw ex; } if (this.logger.isInfoEnabled()) { long elapsedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime; this.logger.info("FrameworkServlet '" + getServletName() + "': initialization completed in " + elapsedTime + " ms"); } }
最终追踪到FrameworkServlet 的initWebApplicationContext()方法
/** * Initialize and publish the WebApplicationContext for this servlet. * <p>Delegates to {@link #createWebApplicationContext} for actual creation * of the context. Can be overridden in subclasses. * @return the WebApplicationContext instance * @see #FrameworkServlet(WebApplicationContext) * @see #setContextClass * @see #setContextConfigLocation */ protected WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext() { WebApplicationContext rootContext = WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(getServletContext()); WebApplicationContext wac = null; if (this.webApplicationContext != null) { // A context instance was injected at construction time -> use it wac = this.webApplicationContext; if (wac instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) { ConfigurableWebApplicationContext cwac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) wac; if (!cwac.isActive()) { // The context has not yet been refreshed -> provide services such as// setting the parent context, setting the application context id, etc if (cwac.getParent() == null) { // The context instance was injected without an explicit parent -> set// the root application context (if any; may be null) as the parent cwac.setParent(rootContext); } configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac); } } } if (wac == null) { // No context instance was injected at construction time -> see if one// has been registered in the servlet context. If one exists, it is assumed// that the parent context (if any) has already been set and that the// user has performed any initialization such as setting the context id wac = findWebApplicationContext(); } if (wac == null) { // No context instance is defined for this servlet -> create a local one wac = createWebApplicationContext(rootContext); } if (!this.refreshEventReceived) { // Either the context is not a ConfigurableApplicationContext with refresh// support or the context injected at construction time had already been// refreshed -> trigger initial onRefresh manually here. onRefresh(wac); } if (this.publishContext) { // Publish the context as a servlet context attribute. String attrName = getServletContextAttributeName(); getServletContext().setAttribute(attrName, wac); if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) { this.logger.debug("Published WebApplicationContext of servlet '" + getServletName() + "' as ServletContext attribute with name [" + attrName + "]"); } } return wac; }
我们来分析整个流程吧:
1. 获取根applicationContext。
WebApplicationContext rootContext = WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(getServletContext()); /** * Find the root {@link WebApplicationContext} for this web app, typically * loaded via {@link org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener}. * <p>Will rethrow an exception that happened on root context startup, * to differentiate between a failed context startup and no context at all. * @param sc ServletContext to find the web application context for * @return the root WebApplicationContext for this web app, or {@code null} if none * @see org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext#ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE */ public static WebApplicationContext getWebApplicationContext(ServletContext sc) { return getWebApplicationContext(sc, WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE); } /** * Find a custom {@link WebApplicationContext} for this web app. * @param sc ServletContext to find the web application context for * @param attrName the name of the ServletContext attribute to look for * @return the desired WebApplicationContext for this web app, or {@code null} if none */ public static WebApplicationContext getWebApplicationContext(ServletContext sc, String attrName) { Assert.notNull(sc, "ServletContext must not be null"); Object attr = sc.getAttribute(attrName); if (attr == null) { return null; } if (attr instanceof RuntimeException) { throw (RuntimeException) attr; } if (attr instanceof Error) { throw (Error) attr; } if (attr instanceof Exception) { throw new IllegalStateException((Exception) attr); } if (!(attr instanceof WebApplicationContext)) { throw new IllegalStateException("Context attribute is not of type WebApplicationContext: " + attr); } return (WebApplicationContext) attr; }
2. 判断webapplicationContext是否存在?存在的话就重利用该webapplicationContext
protected void configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(ConfigurableWebApplicationContext wac) { if (ObjectUtils.identityToString(wac).equals(wac.getId())) { // The application context id is still set to its original default value// -> assign a more useful id based on available information if (this.contextId != null) { wac.setId(this.contextId); } else { // Generate default id... wac.setId(ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ID_PREFIX + ObjectUtils.getDisplayString(getServletContext().getContextPath()) + "/" + getServletName()); } } wac.setServletContext(getServletContext()); wac.setServletConfig(getServletConfig()); wac.setNamespace(getNamespace()); wac.addApplicationListener(new SourceFilteringListener(wac, new ContextRefreshListener())); // The wac environment's #initPropertySources will be called in any case when the context// is refreshed; do it eagerly here to ensure servlet property sources are in place for// use in any post-processing or initialization that occurs below prior to #refresh ConfigurableEnvironment env = wac.getEnvironment(); if (env instanceof ConfigurableWebEnvironment) { ((ConfigurableWebEnvironment) env).initPropertySources(getServletContext(), getServletConfig()); } postProcessWebApplicationContext(wac); applyInitializers(wac); wac.refresh(); }
不存在的话,根据配置的属性名去查询:
/** * Retrieve a {@code WebApplicationContext} from the {@code ServletContext} * attribute with the {@link #setContextAttribute configured name}. The * {@code WebApplicationContext} must have already been loaded and stored in the * {@code ServletContext} before this servlet gets initialized (or invoked). * <p>Subclasses may override this method to provide a different * {@code WebApplicationContext} retrieval strategy. * @return the WebApplicationContext for this servlet, or {@code null} if not found * @see #getContextAttribute() */ protected WebApplicationContext findWebApplicationContext() { String attrName = getContextAttribute(); if (attrName == null) { return null; } WebApplicationContext wac = WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(getServletContext(), attrName); if (wac == null) { throw new IllegalStateException("No WebApplicationContext found: initializer not registered?"); } return wac; }
3. 如果还查询不到WebapplicationContext,那么就创建一个新的WebapplicationContext,并绑定到root WebapplicationContext上:
/** * Instantiate the WebApplicationContext for this servlet, either a default * {@link org.springframework.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext} * or a {@link #setContextClass custom context class}, if set. * <p>This implementation expects custom contexts to implement the * {@link org.springframework.web.context.ConfigurableWebApplicationContext} * interface. Can be overridden in subclasses. * <p>Do not forget to register this servlet instance as application listener on the * created context (for triggering its {@link #onRefresh callback}, and to call * {@link org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext#refresh()} * before returning the context instance. * @param parent the parent ApplicationContext to use, or {@code null} if none * @return the WebApplicationContext for this servlet * @see org.springframework.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext */ protected WebApplicationContext createWebApplicationContext(ApplicationContext parent) { Class<?> contextClass = getContextClass(); if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) { this.logger.debug("Servlet with name '" + getServletName() + "' will try to create custom WebApplicationContext context of class '" + contextClass.getName() + "'" + ", using parent context [" + parent + "]"); } if (!ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.class.isAssignableFrom(contextClass)) { throw new ApplicationContextException( "Fatal initialization error in servlet with name '" + getServletName() + "': custom WebApplicationContext class [" + contextClass.getName() + "] is not of type ConfigurableWebApplicationContext"); } ConfigurableWebApplicationContext wac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) BeanUtils.instantiateClass(contextClass); wac.setEnvironment(getEnvironment()); wac.setParent(parent); wac.setConfigLocation(getContextConfigLocation()); configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(wac); return wac; }
4. 将子applicationContext发布到servlet context上。
if (this.publishContext) { // Publish the context as a servlet context attribute. String attrName = getServletContextAttributeName(); getServletContext().setAttribute(attrName, wac); if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) { this.logger.debug("Published WebApplicationContext of servlet '" + getServletName() + "' as ServletContext attribute with name [" + attrName + "]"); } }
/**
* Return the ServletContext attribute name for this servlet's WebApplicationContext.
* <p>The default implementation returns
* {@code SERVLET_CONTEXT_PREFIX + servlet name}.
* @see #SERVLET_CONTEXT_PREFIX
* @see #getServletName
*/
public String getServletContextAttributeName() {
return SERVLET_CONTEXT_PREFIX + getServletName();
}
/**
* Prefix for the ServletContext attribute for the WebApplicationContext.
* The completion is the servlet name.
*/
public static final String SERVLET_CONTEXT_PREFIX = FrameworkServlet.class.getName() + ".CONTEXT.";
最后,ContextLoaderListener启动时如何产生applicationContext呢?
见参考我的这篇文章: http://www.cnblogs.com/davidwang456/archive/2013/03/12/2956125.html
小结:
我们就以FrameworkServlet的官方说明来结束吧。没有比它更合适的!希望你喜欢。
public abstract class FrameworkServlet extends HttpServletBean implements ApplicationContextAwareBase servlet for Spring's web framework. Provides integration with a Spring application context, in a JavaBean-based overall solution. This class offers the following functionality: Manages a WebApplicationContext instance per servlet. The servlet's configuration is determined by beans in the servlet's namespace. Publishes events on request processing, whether or not a request is successfully handled. Subclasses must implement doService(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest, javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse) to handle requests. Because this extends HttpServletBean rather than HttpServlet directly, bean properties are automatically mapped onto it. Subclasses can override initFrameworkServlet() for custom initialization. Detects a "contextClass" parameter at the servlet init-param level, falling back to the default context class, XmlWebApplicationContext, if not found. Note that, with the default FrameworkServlet, a custom context class needs to implement the ConfigurableWebApplicationContext SPI. Accepts an optional "contextInitializerClasses" servlet init-param that specifies one or more ApplicationContextInitializer classes. The managed web application context will be delegated to these initializers, allowing for additional programmatic configuration, e.g. adding property sources or activating profiles against the context's environment. See also ContextLoader which supports a "contextInitializerClasses" context-param with identical semantics for the "root" web application context. Passes a "contextConfigLocation" servlet init-param to the context instance, parsing it into potentially multiple file paths which can be separated by any number of commas and spaces, like "test-servlet.xml, myServlet.xml". If not explicitly specified, the context implementation is supposed to build a default location from the namespace of the servlet. Note: In case of multiple config locations, later bean definitions will override ones defined in earlier loaded files, at least when using Spring's default ApplicationContext implementation. This can be leveraged to deliberately override certain bean definitions via an extra XML file. The default namespace is "'servlet-name'-servlet", e.g. "test-servlet" for a servlet-name "test" (leading to a "/WEB-INF/test-servlet.xml" default location with XmlWebApplicationContext). The namespace can also be set explicitly via the "namespace" servlet init-param. As of Spring 3.1, FrameworkServlet may now be injected with a web application context, rather than creating its own internally. This is useful in Servlet 3.0+ environments, which support programmatic registration of servlet instances. See FrameworkServlet(WebApplicationContext) Javadoc for details.
参考资料:
http://starscream.iteye.com/blog/1107036
http://www.softwarevol.com/en/tutorial/Spring-ContextLoaderListener-And-DispatcherServlet-Concepts
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智慧园区,作为未来城市发展的重要组成部分,正逐步从传统园区向智能化、高效化转型。这一转型不仅提升了园区的运营管理水平,更为入驻企业和民众带来了前所未有的便捷与高效。智慧园区的总体设计围绕现状分析、愿景规划、设计理念及六位一体配套展开。传统园区往往面临服务体系不完善、智慧应用面不广、信息资源共享能力不足等问题,而智慧园区则致力于打破这些壁垒,通过物联网技术、大数据分析等手段,构建起一个完整的运营服务体系。这一体系不仅覆盖了企业成长的全周期,还通过成熟的智慧运营经验,为产业集群的发展提供了有力支撑。智慧园区的愿景在于吸引优秀物联网企业和人才入驻,促进产业转型,提高社会经济效应,并为民众打造更安全、高效的智慧生活方式。 在智慧园区的服务体系及配套方面,园区围绕“1+1+1”(学院+创客+基地)、“两中心”(园区指挥中心+金融中心)、“三平台”(成果展示+招商+政府)等核心配套,辅以日常生活各方面的配套,真正实现了从人才培养、研发、转化、孵化、加速到发展的六位一体示范园区。园区服务体系包括园区运营管理体系、企业服务体系和产业社区服务体系。园区运营管理体系通过协同办公、招商推广、产业分析等手段,打破了信息数据壁垒,构建了统一园区运营服务。企业服务体系则提供了共享智能展厅、会议室预定、园区信息服务、办事大厅等一系列便捷服务,助力企业快速成长。产业社区服务体系则更加注重周边生活的便捷性,如物联网成果展示平台、智慧物流、共享创客空间等,为入驻企业和民众提供了全方位的生活配套。这些服务体系不仅提升了园区的整体竞争力,还为入驻企业创造了良好的发展环境。 智慧园区的场景应用更是丰富多彩,涵盖了智慧停车、智慧访客、公共服务、智慧楼宇、智慧物业等多个方面。智慧停车系统通过车牌识别、车位引导、缴费等子系统,实现了停车场的智能化管理,极大提升了停车效率。智慧访客系统则通过预约、登记、识别等手段,确保了园区的安全有序。公共服务方面,智慧照明、智慧监控、智慧充电桩等设施的应用,不仅提升了园区的整体品质,还为民众带来了更加便捷、安全的生活环境。智慧楼宇和智慧物业系统更是通过智能化手段,实现了楼宇和园区的统一化管理,提升了运营效率和居住舒适度。此外,智慧园区还通过O2O平台、医疗系统、综合服务系统等手段,将线上线下资源有机整合,为入驻企业和民众提供了全方位、便捷的服务体验。这些场景应用不仅展示了智慧园区的智能化水平,更为读者提供了丰富的想象空间和实施方案参考。 综上所述,智慧园区作为未来城市发展的重要方向,正以其独特的魅力和优势吸引着越来越多的关注。通过智能化手段的应用和服务体系的完善,智慧园区不仅提升了园区的整体竞争力和运营效率,还为入驻企业和民众带来了前所未有的便捷与高效。对于写方案的读者来说,智慧园区的解决方案不仅提供了丰富的案例参考和实践经验,更为方案的制定和实施提供了有力的支撑和启示。
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大学生创业项目源码
清华大学deepseek三部曲PDF
内容概要:本文介绍了蓝桥杯编程竞赛的历史背景及其重要意义,强调其作为编程领域中‘奥林匹克’的地位。文章全面解析了蓝桥杯中涉及的不同类型的赛题,如数学计算、字符串处理、排序算法、图论算法、动态规划、模拟题等,通过实例详细讲解这些算法的设计思路及其实现方式。还分享了在比赛过程中应掌握的实际技巧,包括如何选择恰当的算法、优化代码性能,以及调试技巧等,旨在全面提升编程能力。 适合人群:对编程感兴趣的在校生及初学者、想要提升编程能力的从业者。 使用场景及目标:帮助读者了解并掌握蓝桥杯的比赛内容和技术要点;培养解决复杂编程问题的能力;激发编程兴趣并为参赛做准备。 其他说明:文中穿插成功案例——小乐同学的经历,展现如何从零基础成长为优秀程序员,并通过自身努力在全国比赛中获奖的例子来鼓励读者积极参与此类活动以提升自我价值。最后号召更多编程爱好者参与到蓝桥杯当中,在实践中锻炼和成长。
因文件较多,数据存放网盘,txt文件内包含下载链接及提取码,永久有效。失效会第一时间进行补充。样例数据及详细介绍参见文章:https://blog.csdn.net/T0620514/article/details/146317475