Java 中的Enum

1. Java 中的Enum 默认的都是继承自java.lang.Enum<> 类，该类如下：

public abstract class Enum<E extends Enum<E>>
        implements Comparable<E>, Serializable {
    /**
     * The name of this enum constant, as declared in the enum declaration.
     * Most programmers should use the {@link #toString} method rather than
     * accessing this field.
     */
    private final String name;

    /**
     * Returns the name of this enum constant, exactly as declared in its
     * enum declaration.
     *
     * <b>Most programmers should use the {@link #toString} method in
     * preference to this one, as the toString method may return
     * a more user-friendly name.</b>  This method is designed primarily for
     * use in specialized situations where correctness depends on getting the
     * exact name, which will not vary from release to release.
     *
     * @return the name of this enum constant
     */
    public final String name() {
        return name;
    }

    /**
     * The ordinal of this enumeration constant (its position
     * in the enum declaration, where the initial constant is assigned
     * an ordinal of zero).
     *
     * Most programmers will have no use for this field.  It is designed
     * for use by sophisticated enum-based data structures, such as
     * {@link java.util.EnumSet} and {@link java.util.EnumMap}.
     */
    private final int ordinal;

    /**
     * Returns the ordinal of this enumeration constant (its position
     * in its enum declaration, where the initial constant is assigned
     * an ordinal of zero).
     *
     * Most programmers will have no use for this method.  It is
     * designed for use by sophisticated enum-based data structures, such
     * as {@link java.util.EnumSet} and {@link java.util.EnumMap}.
     *
     * @return the ordinal of this enumeration constant
     */
    public final int ordinal() {
        return ordinal;
    }

    /**
     * Sole constructor.  Programmers cannot invoke this constructor.
     * It is for use by code emitted by the compiler in response to
     * enum type declarations.
     *
     * @param name - The name of this enum constant, which is the identifier
     *               used to declare it.
     * @param ordinal - The ordinal of this enumeration constant (its position
     *         in the enum declaration, where the initial constant is assigned
     *         an ordinal of zero).
     */
    protected Enum(String name, int ordinal) {
        this.name = name;
        this.ordinal = ordinal;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the name of this enum constant, as contained in the
     * declaration.  This method may be overridden, though it typically
     * isn't necessary or desirable.  An enum type should override this
     * method when a more "programmer-friendly" string form exists.
     *
     * @return the name of this enum constant
     */
    public String toString() {
        return name;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the specified object is equal to this
     * enum constant.
     *
     * @param other the object to be compared for equality with this object.
     * @return  true if the specified object is equal to this
     *          enum constant.
     */
    public final boolean equals(Object other) {
        return this==other;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a hash code for this enum constant.
     *
     * @return a hash code for this enum constant.
     */
    public final int hashCode() {
        return super.hashCode();
    }

    /**
     * Throws CloneNotSupportedException.  This guarantees that enums
     * are never cloned, which is necessary to preserve their "singleton"
     * status.
     *
     * @return (never returns)
     */
    protected final Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        throw new CloneNotSupportedException();
    }

    /**
     * Compares this enum with the specified object for order.  Returns a
     * negative integer, zero, or a positive integer as this object is less
     * than, equal to, or greater than the specified object.
     *
     * Enum constants are only comparable to other enum constants of the
     * same enum type.  The natural order implemented by this
     * method is the order in which the constants are declared.
     */
    public final int compareTo(E o) {
        Enum other = (Enum)o;
        Enum self = this;
        if (self.getClass() != other.getClass() && // optimization
            self.getDeclaringClass() != other.getDeclaringClass())
            throw new ClassCastException();
        return self.ordinal - other.ordinal;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the Class object corresponding to this enum constant's
     * enum type.  Two enum constants e1 and  e2 are of the
     * same enum type if and only if
     *   e1.getDeclaringClass() == e2.getDeclaringClass().
     * (The value returned by this method may differ from the one returned
     * by the {@link Object#getClass} method for enum constants with
     * constant-specific class bodies.)
     *
     * @return the Class object corresponding to this enum constant's
     *     enum type
     */
    public final Class<E> getDeclaringClass() {
        Class clazz = getClass();
        Class zuper = clazz.getSuperclass();
        return (zuper == Enum.class) ? clazz : zuper;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the enum constant of the specified enum type with the
     * specified name.  The name must match exactly an identifier used
     * to declare an enum constant in this type.  (Extraneous whitespace
     * characters are not permitted.)
     *
     * <p>Note that for a particular enum type {@code T}, the
     * implicitly declared {@code public static T valueOf(String)}
     * method on that enum may be used instead of this method to map
     * from a name to the corresponding enum constant.  All the
     * constants of an enum type can be obtained by calling the
     * implicit {@code public static T[] values()} method of that
     * type.
     *
     * @param <T> The enum type whose constant is to be returned
     * @param enumType the {@code Class} object of the enum type from which
     *      to return a constant
     * @param name the name of the constant to return
     * @return the enum constant of the specified enum type with the
     *      specified name
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified enum type has
     *         no constant with the specified name, or the specified
     *         class object does not represent an enum type
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code enumType} or {@code name}
     *         is null
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public static <T extends Enum<T>> T valueOf(Class<T> enumType,
                                                String name) {
        T result = enumType.enumConstantDirectory().get(name);
        if (result != null)
            return result;
        if (name == null)
            throw new NullPointerException("Name is null");
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
            "No enum constant " + enumType.getCanonicalName() + "." + name);
    }

    /**
     * enum classes cannot have finalize methods.
     */
    protected final void finalize() { }

    /**
     * prevent default deserialization
     */
    private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException,
        ClassNotFoundException {
        throw new InvalidObjectException("can't deserialize enum");
    }

    private void readObjectNoData() throws ObjectStreamException {
        throw new InvalidObjectException("can't deserialize enum");
    }

2. 自定义Enum 类型的变量，会自动集成java.lang.Enum 类的方法

public enum WeekDaiyEnum {
	MON(1), TUR(2), WED(3), THU(4), FRI(5), SAT(6), SUN(7);
	
	private int index;
	private WeekDaiyEnum (int index) {
		this.index = index;
	}
	
	public int getIndex() {
		return this.index;
	}
}

public class SimpleEnumUse {
	

	public static void main(String[] args) {

		 //会自动的产生常量的数组和声明顺序
		for (WeekDaiyEnum s : WeekDaiyEnum.values()) {
			System.out.println(s + " .ordinal " + s.ordinal());
		}
		
		WeekDaiyEnum daiyEnum = WeekDaiyEnum.FRI;
		int i = daiyEnum.compareTo(WeekDaiyEnum.MON);
		
		System.out.println(daiyEnum.getIndex());
		
		// Test EnumMap
		EnumMap<WeekDaiyEnum, String> currMap = new EnumMap<>(WeekDaiyEnum.class); 
		currMap.put(WeekDaiyEnum.FRI, "friday");
		currMap.put(WeekDaiyEnum.MON, "MON");
		
		currMap.get(WeekDaiyEnum.FRI);
		
		//Test EnumSet
		EnumSet<WeekDaiyEnum> currEnumSet = EnumSet.allOf(WeekDaiyEnum.class);
		
		for (WeekDaiyEnum week : currEnumSet) {
			System.out.println(week.getIndex() + " " + week);
		}
		
	}

}

3. 问题总结

1.    代码：
public class State {
public static final int ON = 1;
public static final Int OFF= 0;
}
 
有什么不好了，大家都这样用了很长时间了，没什么问题啊。
首先，它不是类型安全的。你必须确保是int
其次，你还要确保它的范围是0 和1
最后，很多时候你打印出来的时候，你只看到 1 和0 ，
 
但其没有看到代码的人并不知道你的企图，抛弃你所有旧的public static final 常量吧
 
2.    可以创建一个enum 类，把它看做一个普通的类。除了它不能继承其他类了。(java 是单继承，它已经继承了Enum),
可以添加其他方法，覆盖它本身的方法
3.    switch() 参数可以使用enum 了
 
4.    values() 方法是编译器插入到enum 定义中的static 方法，所以，当你将enum 实例向上转型为父类Enum 是，values() 就不可访问了。解决办法：在Class 中有一个getEnumConstants() 方法，所以即便Enum 接口中没有values() 方法，我们仍然可以通过Class 对象取得所有的enum 实例
 
5.    无法从enum 继承子类，如果需要扩展enum 中的元素，在一个接口的内部，创建实现该接口的枚举，以此将元素进行分组。达到将枚举元素进行分组。
 
6.    使用EnumSet 代替标志。enum 要求其成员都是唯一的，但是enum 中不能删除添加元素。
 
7.    EnumMap 的key 是enum ，value 是任何其他Object 对象。
 
8.    enum 允许程序员为eunm 实例编写方法。所以可以为每个enum 实例赋予各自不同的行为。
 
9.    使用enum 的职责链(Chain of Responsibility) . 这个关系到设计模式的职责链模式。以多种不同的方法来解决一个问题。然后将他们链接在一起。当一个请求到来时，遍历这个链，直到链中的某个解决方案能够处理该请求。