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1、一个Interface的方所有法访问权限(visibility)自动被声明为public,确却的说,一个Interface的所有方法只能是public的,你可以显式声明一个方法是public(不推荐),但是不能声明它是private或protected.但是当一个类实现某个接口,定义接口的方法时,必须且只能声明为public,否则编译将通不过。
2、接口不能实现方法(implement method),只能声明。接口可以只定义常量但不声明任何方法。
3、Interface不能有实例域(instance fields)或静态方法(static method),但可以定义常量(define constants),常量自动设为public static final,可以通过类命直接引用常量,例如
4、一个非抽象类(注意是非抽象类!)实现一个接口时,必须实现接口的所有方法,抽象类则不必实现所有方法。
5、不能使用new操作符实例化一个接口,但可以声明一个接口变量,该变量必须引用(refer to)一个实现该接口的类的对象。可以使用 instanceof 检查一个对象是否实现了某个特定的接口。例如:
6、接口可以被另一个接口继承(但是final好像不能修饰interface,编译通不过,以后慢慢研究~~)
7、标记接口(tagging interface, marker interface)没有方法,使用它的唯一目的是可以用instanceof 进行类型检查(Horstmann说了,不鼓励用这种技术,^_^)
8、方法的名字和参数列表被称为方法的签名(signature),实现一个接口以为着要用完全相同的签名实现每个方法。因此实现接口方法时,一定要保证返回类型的兼容性。允许实现类的实现方法返回类型定义为原返回类型的子类型。这个跟继承中子类覆盖父类方法很相似。
8、例子:
运行结果:
20
21
22
I love you!
I love you!
9、匿名内部类(anonymous inner class):
注意一个特别的例子
2、接口不能实现方法(implement method),只能声明。接口可以只定义常量但不声明任何方法。
3、Interface不能有实例域(instance fields)或静态方法(static method),但可以定义常量(define constants),常量自动设为public static final,可以通过类命直接引用常量,例如
<!---->ImplementClass.z
可以通过接口命和常量名直接访问常量:<!---->FirstInterface.z
4、一个非抽象类(注意是非抽象类!)实现一个接口时,必须实现接口的所有方法,抽象类则不必实现所有方法。
5、不能使用new操作符实例化一个接口,但可以声明一个接口变量,该变量必须引用(refer to)一个实现该接口的类的对象。可以使用 instanceof 检查一个对象是否实现了某个特定的接口。例如:
<!---->if(anObject instanceof Comparable){}
6、接口可以被另一个接口继承(但是final好像不能修饰interface,编译通不过,以后慢慢研究~~)
7、标记接口(tagging interface, marker interface)没有方法,使用它的唯一目的是可以用instanceof 进行类型检查(Horstmann说了,不鼓励用这种技术,^_^)
8、方法的名字和参数列表被称为方法的签名(signature),实现一个接口以为着要用完全相同的签名实现每个方法。因此实现接口方法时,一定要保证返回类型的兼容性。允许实现类的实现方法返回类型定义为原返回类型的子类型。这个跟继承中子类覆盖父类方法很相似。
8、例子:
FirstInterface.java
<!---->interface FirstInterface
{
int x = 20; //int x; 是不允许的
public int y = 21; //private int y=21; 或protected int y=22;均为非法声明
static int z = 22;
public static int u = 23;
void foobar();
}
<!---->interface FirstInterface
{
int x = 20; //int x; 是不允许的
public int y = 21; //private int y=21; 或protected int y=22;均为非法声明
static int z = 22;
public static int u = 23;
void foobar();
}
SecondInterface.java
<!---->1 /**
2 * 继承了FirstInterface的所有常量和方法
3 */
4 interface SecondInterface extends FirstInterface
5 {
6 int squad(int x);
7 }
<!---->1 /**
2 * 继承了FirstInterface的所有常量和方法
3 */
4 interface SecondInterface extends FirstInterface
5 {
6 int squad(int x);
7 }
ImplementClass.java
<!----> 1 /**
2 * 类ImplementClass 必须实现FirstInterface和
3 * SecondInterface的所有方法
4 */
5 class ImplementClass implements SecondInterface
6 {
7 public void foobar()
8 {
9 System.out.println("I love you!");
10 }
11
12 public int squad(int x)
13 {
14 return x*x;
15 }
16 }
<!----> 1 /**
2 * 类ImplementClass 必须实现FirstInterface和
3 * SecondInterface的所有方法
4 */
5 class ImplementClass implements SecondInterface
6 {
7 public void foobar()
8 {
9 System.out.println("I love you!");
10 }
11
12 public int squad(int x)
13 {
14 return x*x;
15 }
16 }
Main.java
<!----> 1 public class Main
2 {
3 public static void main(String [] args)
4 {
5 FirstInterface ic;
6 ic = new ImplementClass();
7 SecondInterface sic = new ImplementClass();
8 System.out.println(ic.x);
9 System.out.println(sic.y);
10 System.out.println(ImplementClass.z);
11 ic.foobar();
12 sic.foobar();
13 }
14 }
<!----> 1 public class Main
2 {
3 public static void main(String [] args)
4 {
5 FirstInterface ic;
6 ic = new ImplementClass();
7 SecondInterface sic = new ImplementClass();
8 System.out.println(ic.x);
9 System.out.println(sic.y);
10 System.out.println(ImplementClass.z);
11 ic.foobar();
12 sic.foobar();
13 }
14 }
运行结果:
20
21
22
I love you!
I love you!
9、匿名内部类(anonymous inner class):
注意一个特别的例子
AnonymousInnerClass.java
<!---->import java.util.Comparator;
public class AnonymousInnerClass
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
Comparator<String> sizeOrder = new Comparator<String>()
{
public int compare(String s1, String s2)
{
return s1.length() < s2.length() ? -1 : s1.length() > s2.length() ? 1 : s1.compareTo(s2);
}
};
System.out.println(sizeOrder.compare("Jafe", "Lee"));
}
}
而java.util.Comparator的定义为<!---->import java.util.Comparator;
public class AnonymousInnerClass
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
Comparator<String> sizeOrder = new Comparator<String>()
{
public int compare(String s1, String s2)
{
return s1.length() < s2.length() ? -1 : s1.length() > s2.length() ? 1 : s1.compareTo(s2);
}
};
System.out.println(sizeOrder.compare("Jafe", "Lee"));
}
}
Comparator.java
<!---->/*
* @(#)Comparator.java 1.26 06/04/21
*
* Copyright 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
* SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
*/
package java.util;
/**
* A comparison function, which imposes a <i>total ordering</i> on some
* collection of objects. Comparators can be passed to a sort method (such
* as {@link Collections#sort(List,Comparator) Collections.sort} or {@link
* Arrays#sort(Object[],Comparator) Arrays.sort}) to allow precise control
* over the sort order. Comparators can also be used to control the order of
* certain data structures (such as {@link SortedSet sorted sets} or {@link
* SortedMap sorted maps}), or to provide an ordering for collections of
* objects that don't have a {@link Comparable natural ordering}.<p>
*
* The ordering imposed by a comparator <tt>c</tt> on a set of elements
* <tt>S</tt> is said to be <i>consistent with equals</i> if and only if
* <tt>c.compare(e1, e2)==0</tt> has the same boolean value as
* <tt>e1.equals(e2)</tt> for every <tt>e1</tt> and <tt>e2</tt> in
* <tt>S</tt>.<p>
*
* Caution should be exercised when using a comparator capable of imposing an
* ordering inconsistent with equals to order a sorted set (or sorted map).
* Suppose a sorted set (or sorted map) with an explicit comparator <tt>c</tt>
* is used with elements (or keys) drawn from a set <tt>S</tt>. If the
* ordering imposed by <tt>c</tt> on <tt>S</tt> is inconsistent with equals,
* the sorted set (or sorted map) will behave "strangely." In particular the
* sorted set (or sorted map) will violate the general contract for set (or
* map), which is defined in terms of <tt>equals</tt>.<p>
*
* For example, suppose one adds two elements {@code a} and {@code b} such that
* {@code (a.equals(b) && c.compare(a, b) != 0)}
* to an empty {@code TreeSet} with comparator {@code c}.
* The second {@code add} operation will return
* true (and the size of the tree set will increase) because {@code a} and
* {@code b} are not equivalent from the tree set's perspective, even though
* this is contrary to the specification of the
* {@link Set#add Set.add} method.<p>
*
* Note: It is generally a good idea for comparators to also implement
* <tt>java.io.Serializable</tt>, as they may be used as ordering methods in
* serializable data structures (like {@link TreeSet}, {@link TreeMap}). In
* order for the data structure to serialize successfully, the comparator (if
* provided) must implement <tt>Serializable</tt>.<p>
*
* For the mathematically inclined, the <i>relation</i> that defines the
* <i>imposed ordering</i> that a given comparator <tt>c</tt> imposes on a
* given set of objects <tt>S</tt> is:<pre>
* {(x, y) such that c.compare(x, y) <= 0}.
* </pre> The <i>quotient</i> for this total order is:<pre>
* {(x, y) such that c.compare(x, y) == 0}.
* </pre>
*
* It follows immediately from the contract for <tt>compare</tt> that the
* quotient is an <i>equivalence relation</i> on <tt>S</tt>, and that the
* imposed ordering is a <i>total order</i> on <tt>S</tt>. When we say that
* the ordering imposed by <tt>c</tt> on <tt>S</tt> is <i>consistent with
* equals</i>, we mean that the quotient for the ordering is the equivalence
* relation defined by the objects' {@link Object#equals(Object)
* equals(Object)} method(s):<pre>
* {(x, y) such that x.equals(y)}. </pre><p>
*
* This interface is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
*
* @param <T> the type of objects that may be compared by this comparator
*
* @author Josh Bloch
* @author Neal Gafter
* @version 1.26, 04/21/06
* @see Comparable
* @see java.io.Serializable
* @since 1.2
*/
public interface Comparator<T> {
/**
* Compares its two arguments for order. Returns a negative integer,
* zero, or a positive integer as the first argument is less than, equal
* to, or greater than the second.<p>
*
* In the foregoing description, the notation
* <tt>sgn(</tt><i>expression</i><tt>)</tt> designates the mathematical
* <i>signum</i> function, which is defined to return one of <tt>-1</tt>,
* <tt>0</tt>, or <tt>1</tt> according to whether the value of
* <i>expression</i> is negative, zero or positive.<p>
*
* The implementor must ensure that <tt>sgn(compare(x, y)) ==
* -sgn(compare(y, x))</tt> for all <tt>x</tt> and <tt>y</tt>. (This
* implies that <tt>compare(x, y)</tt> must throw an exception if and only
* if <tt>compare(y, x)</tt> throws an exception.)<p>
*
* The implementor must also ensure that the relation is transitive:
* <tt>((compare(x, y)>0) && (compare(y, z)>0))</tt> implies
* <tt>compare(x, z)>0</tt>.<p>
*
* Finally, the implementor must ensure that <tt>compare(x, y)==0</tt>
* implies that <tt>sgn(compare(x, z))==sgn(compare(y, z))</tt> for all
* <tt>z</tt>.<p>
*
* It is generally the case, but <i>not</i> strictly required that
* <tt>(compare(x, y)==0) == (x.equals(y))</tt>. Generally speaking,
* any comparator that violates this condition should clearly indicate
* this fact. The recommended language is "Note: this comparator
* imposes orderings that are inconsistent with equals."
*
* @param o1 the first object to be compared.
* @param o2 the second object to be compared.
* @return a negative integer, zero, or a positive integer as the
* first argument is less than, equal to, or greater than the
* second.
* @throws ClassCastException if the arguments' types prevent them from
* being compared by this comparator.
*/
int compare(T o1, T o2);
/**
*
* Indicates whether some other object is "equal to" this
* comparator. This method must obey the general contract of
* {@link Object#equals(Object)}. Additionally, this method can return
* <tt>true</tt> <i>only</i> if the specified object is also a comparator
* and it imposes the same ordering as this comparator. Thus,
* <code>comp1.equals(comp2)</code> implies that <tt>sgn(comp1.compare(o1,
* o2))==sgn(comp2.compare(o1, o2))</tt> for every object reference
* <tt>o1</tt> and <tt>o2</tt>.<p>
*
* Note that it is <i>always</i> safe <i>not</i> to override
* <tt>Object.equals(Object)</tt>. However, overriding this method may,
* in some cases, improve performance by allowing programs to determine
* that two distinct comparators impose the same order.
*
* @param obj the reference object with which to compare.
* @return <code>true</code> only if the specified object is also
* a comparator and it imposes the same ordering as this
* comparator.
* @see Object#equals(Object)
* @see Object#hashCode()
*/
boolean equals(Object obj);
}
我敢开始看觉得奇怪,好像在匿名内部类中没有实现方法boolean equals(Object obj);后来仔细一想,其实所有的类都是Object的子类,而Object正好有该方法的实现,所以,即使没有实现该方法也是合法的。<!---->/*
* @(#)Comparator.java 1.26 06/04/21
*
* Copyright 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
* SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
*/
package java.util;
/**
* A comparison function, which imposes a <i>total ordering</i> on some
* collection of objects. Comparators can be passed to a sort method (such
* as {@link Collections#sort(List,Comparator) Collections.sort} or {@link
* Arrays#sort(Object[],Comparator) Arrays.sort}) to allow precise control
* over the sort order. Comparators can also be used to control the order of
* certain data structures (such as {@link SortedSet sorted sets} or {@link
* SortedMap sorted maps}), or to provide an ordering for collections of
* objects that don't have a {@link Comparable natural ordering}.<p>
*
* The ordering imposed by a comparator <tt>c</tt> on a set of elements
* <tt>S</tt> is said to be <i>consistent with equals</i> if and only if
* <tt>c.compare(e1, e2)==0</tt> has the same boolean value as
* <tt>e1.equals(e2)</tt> for every <tt>e1</tt> and <tt>e2</tt> in
* <tt>S</tt>.<p>
*
* Caution should be exercised when using a comparator capable of imposing an
* ordering inconsistent with equals to order a sorted set (or sorted map).
* Suppose a sorted set (or sorted map) with an explicit comparator <tt>c</tt>
* is used with elements (or keys) drawn from a set <tt>S</tt>. If the
* ordering imposed by <tt>c</tt> on <tt>S</tt> is inconsistent with equals,
* the sorted set (or sorted map) will behave "strangely." In particular the
* sorted set (or sorted map) will violate the general contract for set (or
* map), which is defined in terms of <tt>equals</tt>.<p>
*
* For example, suppose one adds two elements {@code a} and {@code b} such that
* {@code (a.equals(b) && c.compare(a, b) != 0)}
* to an empty {@code TreeSet} with comparator {@code c}.
* The second {@code add} operation will return
* true (and the size of the tree set will increase) because {@code a} and
* {@code b} are not equivalent from the tree set's perspective, even though
* this is contrary to the specification of the
* {@link Set#add Set.add} method.<p>
*
* Note: It is generally a good idea for comparators to also implement
* <tt>java.io.Serializable</tt>, as they may be used as ordering methods in
* serializable data structures (like {@link TreeSet}, {@link TreeMap}). In
* order for the data structure to serialize successfully, the comparator (if
* provided) must implement <tt>Serializable</tt>.<p>
*
* For the mathematically inclined, the <i>relation</i> that defines the
* <i>imposed ordering</i> that a given comparator <tt>c</tt> imposes on a
* given set of objects <tt>S</tt> is:<pre>
* {(x, y) such that c.compare(x, y) <= 0}.
* </pre> The <i>quotient</i> for this total order is:<pre>
* {(x, y) such that c.compare(x, y) == 0}.
* </pre>
*
* It follows immediately from the contract for <tt>compare</tt> that the
* quotient is an <i>equivalence relation</i> on <tt>S</tt>, and that the
* imposed ordering is a <i>total order</i> on <tt>S</tt>. When we say that
* the ordering imposed by <tt>c</tt> on <tt>S</tt> is <i>consistent with
* equals</i>, we mean that the quotient for the ordering is the equivalence
* relation defined by the objects' {@link Object#equals(Object)
* equals(Object)} method(s):<pre>
* {(x, y) such that x.equals(y)}. </pre><p>
*
* This interface is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
*
* @param <T> the type of objects that may be compared by this comparator
*
* @author Josh Bloch
* @author Neal Gafter
* @version 1.26, 04/21/06
* @see Comparable
* @see java.io.Serializable
* @since 1.2
*/
public interface Comparator<T> {
/**
* Compares its two arguments for order. Returns a negative integer,
* zero, or a positive integer as the first argument is less than, equal
* to, or greater than the second.<p>
*
* In the foregoing description, the notation
* <tt>sgn(</tt><i>expression</i><tt>)</tt> designates the mathematical
* <i>signum</i> function, which is defined to return one of <tt>-1</tt>,
* <tt>0</tt>, or <tt>1</tt> according to whether the value of
* <i>expression</i> is negative, zero or positive.<p>
*
* The implementor must ensure that <tt>sgn(compare(x, y)) ==
* -sgn(compare(y, x))</tt> for all <tt>x</tt> and <tt>y</tt>. (This
* implies that <tt>compare(x, y)</tt> must throw an exception if and only
* if <tt>compare(y, x)</tt> throws an exception.)<p>
*
* The implementor must also ensure that the relation is transitive:
* <tt>((compare(x, y)>0) && (compare(y, z)>0))</tt> implies
* <tt>compare(x, z)>0</tt>.<p>
*
* Finally, the implementor must ensure that <tt>compare(x, y)==0</tt>
* implies that <tt>sgn(compare(x, z))==sgn(compare(y, z))</tt> for all
* <tt>z</tt>.<p>
*
* It is generally the case, but <i>not</i> strictly required that
* <tt>(compare(x, y)==0) == (x.equals(y))</tt>. Generally speaking,
* any comparator that violates this condition should clearly indicate
* this fact. The recommended language is "Note: this comparator
* imposes orderings that are inconsistent with equals."
*
* @param o1 the first object to be compared.
* @param o2 the second object to be compared.
* @return a negative integer, zero, or a positive integer as the
* first argument is less than, equal to, or greater than the
* second.
* @throws ClassCastException if the arguments' types prevent them from
* being compared by this comparator.
*/
int compare(T o1, T o2);
/**
*
* Indicates whether some other object is "equal to" this
* comparator. This method must obey the general contract of
* {@link Object#equals(Object)}. Additionally, this method can return
* <tt>true</tt> <i>only</i> if the specified object is also a comparator
* and it imposes the same ordering as this comparator. Thus,
* <code>comp1.equals(comp2)</code> implies that <tt>sgn(comp1.compare(o1,
* o2))==sgn(comp2.compare(o1, o2))</tt> for every object reference
* <tt>o1</tt> and <tt>o2</tt>.<p>
*
* Note that it is <i>always</i> safe <i>not</i> to override
* <tt>Object.equals(Object)</tt>. However, overriding this method may,
* in some cases, improve performance by allowing programs to determine
* that two distinct comparators impose the same order.
*
* @param obj the reference object with which to compare.
* @return <code>true</code> only if the specified object is also
* a comparator and it imposes the same ordering as this
* comparator.
* @see Object#equals(Object)
* @see Object#hashCode()
*/
boolean equals(Object obj);
}
发表评论
-
Java abstract 类
2007-05-20 18:27 1845虽然接触Java已经快一年了,也系统的学过Java语法 ... -
Java 点滴 (1)
2007-05-21 16:30 6781、Java运算符优先级: ... -
Java 移位操作
2007-05-22 17:17 2530移位操作要注意的问题是高(低)位是补0还是补1和对char, ... -
Java 点滴 (2)
2007-07-21 09:55 6151、关于import:(1) 使用 ... -
Java继承
2007-07-22 16:40 9271、关键字super有两个用 ... -
Java点滴 (3)
2007-07-23 15:47 6091、AWT事件继承层次2、常用AWT事件类型列表ActionE ... -
Java Thread
2007-07-31 09:49 9351、中断线程:API: java.lang.Thread(1) ... -
Java 单元测试
2007-08-22 21:00 969由于来自ibm developworks,转载要提交申请,就不 ... -
java 数组
2007-08-28 11:24 6401、数组元素的类型可以是任何原生类型也可以是任何引用类型,特别 ... -
Java Enumeration (枚举类型) (1) -- 基本概念
2007-09-08 14:13 2894Java 5.0新引进了一种类 ... -
Java Enumeration (枚举类型) (2) -- switch语句
2007-09-08 14:43 1425当枚举类型用在switch语句中时,语法有一点点特别。看例子: ... -
Java Enumeration (枚举类型) (3) -- 自定义类体(class body)
2007-09-08 15:39 1450枚举类型其实是一个有限制的类,很多类的语法都可以用在枚举上面上 ... -
Java Thread (1)
2007-09-12 21:32 10101、开启一个新线程的方法,归结起来不外乎有两种:继承类jav ... -
Java Thread (2)
2007-09-13 16:39 13041、让一个线程sleep有两种方法,一个是直接调用Thread ... -
Java 正则表达式 (1) -- java.util.regex.* 介绍
2007-12-09 19:47 13531、Java 1.4之后的版本引进了一个用于处理正则表达式的包 ...
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本节内容包括 接口基本概念 使用接口的例子 接口的定义 接口的实现 接口与抽象类 接口和回调 内部类(介绍)
Interface接口的定义和用法 马克-to-win Java视频的详细介绍
JNI(java native interface) 简体中文:do.chuan@gmail.com 翻译版 英文版:Addison.Wesley.Java.Native Interface 希望对大家有帮助...
private readonly MyJavaInterface javaInterface; public CSharpConsumer(MyJavaInterface interfaceInstance) { this.javaInterface = interfaceInstance; } public void CallJavaMethods() { java...
### JNI(Java Native Interface)中文手册关键知识点解析 #### 一、前言及背景 JNI(Java Native Interface)是Sun Microsystems公司定义的一套标准接口,用于实现Java代码与本地代码(通常是C或C++)之间的交互。...
例如,我们可以创建一个名为`JavaInterface`的接口,包含一个名为`callFromCpp`的方法: ```java public interface JavaInterface { void callFromCpp(String message); } ``` 4. **生成JNI头文件** 使用`...
【GM OBD-II Java Interface-开源】项目是一个用于与OBD-II汽车计算机系统进行通信的开源软件工具。这个工具使得开发者和汽车爱好者能够通过Java编程语言实时监控和诊断车辆的各种性能参数,例如发动机状态、速度、...
Java Native Interface(JNI)是Java平台的一个重要组成部分,它允许Java代码和其他语言写的代码进行交互。这个"Java Native Interface Programmers Guide and Specification(Exp)"很可能是一份详细解释JNI编程指南...
THIS book covers the Java™ Native Interface (JNI). It will be useful to you if you are interested in any of the following: • integrating a Java application with legacy code written in languages such...
Java Native Interface(JNI)是Java开发中的一个重要概念,它允许Java代码与其他语言编写的代码进行交互,尤其是与C或C++编写的本地应用程序接口(API)进行交互。JNI在Java应用程序中扮演着桥梁的角色,使得Java...
C++的多重继承功能较广,Java的interface功能只是其中的一个子集。因为C++的虚拟函数可以有纯虚拟函数,也可有非纯虚拟函数,而Java只有抽象函数,所以功能模式少一种,自然能达到的效果较少一些。 但这并不代表Java...
在Java编程语言中,接口(Interface)是一种非常重要的特性,它扮演着定义行为规范的关键角色。接口是完全抽象的类型,允许我们定义一组方法签名,但不提供具体实现。这使得接口成为实现多继承的手段,因为Java不...
Java接口在编程中起着至关重要的作用,它主要用于定义对象的行为规范,允许实现多态性和抽象性。在Java中,接口是一种完全抽象的类型,它只包含常量定义和抽象方法声明,不允许有任何方法实现。这里我们将深入探讨...