`
clark1231
  • 浏览: 254592 次
  • 性别: Icon_minigender_1
  • 来自: 苏州
社区版块
存档分类
最新评论

Caching With Rails

阅读更多

原文在我另一个博客上,这边就不在另外排版了,可参见http://caok1231.com/blog/2013/01/30/caching-with-rails/

1.Page caching

Page caching是最简单最高效的一种,它会将Action最后的HTML结果存成public/下的HTML文件,也就是静态网页。

class ProductsController < ActionController

  caches_page :index

  def index; end

end

不过缺点也同样明显,由于是静态网页,对于任何的request都会返回同一个结果,适用面比较窄。 比如用kaminari等定义了翻页功能,就将失效,始终停留在第一页。

 

如果要真的使用的话,可以在有新的product创建的时候更新index。

class ProductsController < ActionController

  caches_page :index

 

  def index

    @products = Products.all

  end

 

  def create

    expire_page :action => :index

  end

end

expire_page会在有create操作的时候,清除cache里的资料重新生成。

 

2.Action caching

 

Rails在development模式下的cache默认是关闭的。

 

打开Rails的cache很简单,只要在环境对应的配置文件config/environments/*.rb中设置即可:

 

config.action_controller.perform_caching = true

action caching与page caching的区别在于request会经过web server并且被rails application接收,直到所有的before filters被处理。

class ProductsController < ActionController

  before_filter :authenticate, :only => :create

  caches_action :index

 

  def index

    @products = Product.all

  end

 

  def create

    expire_action :action => :index

  end

end

缺点也和Page caching一样,无法提供不同使用者有不同內容。

 

expire_action会在有create操作的时候,清除cache里的资料重新生成。

 

3.Fragment Caching

 

动态web应用程序的页面往往由多个components组成,而每个component经常需要采取不同的cache、expire策略。针对这个问题,rails提供了fragment cache。

 

Fragment caching可以只缓存HTML中的一小段元素,我們可以自由选择要cache的区域。这种cache发生在View中,所以我們须把cache程式写在View中,用cache包起來要cache的Template:

 

如果一个页面有多个component被cache,则需要添加suffix来区分它们:

<% cache(:action => 'recent', :action_suffix => 'all_products') do %>

  All available products:

如果你想要一个无需绑定到相应action的cache块,可以赋予一个全局的key

<% cache 'all_available_products' do %>

  All available products:

<% end %>

cache方法接受一个可选参数。这个参数被用作缓存的key(默认情况下,页面的URL会被作为缓存的key)。如果我们把模型(model)当作参数,那么模型的cache_key属性将被作为这个key。这就是说,当article更新的时候这个缓存片段就会过期。

<% title @article.name %>  

<% cache @article do %>

  <p class="author"><em>from <%=h @article.author_name %></em></p>  

  <% for comment in @article.comments %>  

    <div id="comment">

      <strong><%= link_to_unless comment.site_url.blank?, h(comment.author_name), h(comment.site_url) %></strong>  

      <em>on <%= comment.created_at.strftime('%b %d, %Y at %H:%M') %></em>

      <%= simple_format comment.content %>  

    </div>  

  <% end %> 

  <!-- Rest of code omitted -->  

<% end %>  

<h3>Add your comment:</h3>  

<%= render :partial => 'comments/form' %>

cache_key由模型(model)名,模型的id和updated_at属性组成。key的最后一段非常有用,因为这一段组成部分,这个key每次都会应为模型的更新而改变。这样每次模型的任意属性有更改,这个缓存片段都会过期。

 

在我们的应用程序里一个Article可能有很多Comments。如果我们使用article页面的表单对article添加一条comment,这条comment将不会作为article页面的一部分被显示。这是因为article已经被缓存了,article页面只会显示缓存里面的comments。当一条comment被添加时article的时间戳未被修改,所以缓存片段不会过期。

 

要想实现当添加或修改comment时article页面显示新的comment,我们仅仅需要对comment模型(model)做一点点修改:

 

class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base

  belongs_to :article, :touch => true

end

给belongs_to关系添加 :touch => true 意味着当创建,更新或者删除一条comment的时候,该comment属于(belongs_to)的article被touched。现在我们添加一条comment,缓存会失效并且页面会更新而且显示刚添加的comment。

 

清理cache

 

手动清除

rake tmp:cache:clear

在资料修改或刪除时,在适当的Controller Action中过期这些cache资料

expire_fragment(:controller => 'products', :action => 'recent',  :action_suffix => 'all_prods)

expire_fragment(:key => ['all_available_products', @latest_product.created_at].join(':'))

 

4.Sweepers

 

但如上面这样到处写expire方法,显然不是最好的方式。Rails针对此提供了sweeper机制:把cache清理移入一个observer类,此类会监测一个对象的变化,并且通过相应的钩子来清理此对象相关的cache。

class StoreSweeper < ActionController::Caching::Sweeper

  # This sweeper is going to keep an eye on the Product model

  observe Product

 

  # If our sweeper detects that a Product was created call this

  def after_create(product)

      expire_cache_for(product)

  end

 

  # If our sweeper detects that a Product was updated call this

  def after_update(product)

    expire_cache_for(product)

  end

 

  # If our sweeper detects that a Product was deleted call this

  def after_destroy(product)

    expire_cache_for(product)

  end

 

  private

  def expire_cache_for(record)

    # Expire the list page now that we added a new product

    expire_page(:controller => '#{record}', :action => 'list')

 

    # Expire a fragment

   expire_fragment(:controller => '#{record}', :action => 'recent', :action_suffix => 'all_products')

  end

end

 

Cache sweeper在controller里面就是一个after或者aroud filter

class ProductsController < ActionController

  cache_sweeper :store_sweeper, :only => [ :create ]

 

  def create

  end

end

 

5,Counter cache

 

如果需要常计算has_many的Model有多少笔记录,例如显示文章列表时,也要显示每篇有多少留言回复。

<% @topics.each do |topic| %>

  主題:<%= topic.subject %>

  回复數:<%= topic.posts.size %>

<% end %>

这时Rails会产生一笔笔的SQL count查询:

 

SELECT * FROM `posts` LIMIT 5 OFFSET 0

SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM `posts` WHERE (`posts`.topic_id = 1 )

SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM `posts` WHERE (`posts`.topic_id = 2 )

SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM `posts` WHERE (`posts`.topic_id = 3 )

SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM `posts` WHERE (`posts`.topic_id = 4 )

SELECT count(*) AS count_all FROM `posts` WHERE (`posts`.topic_id = 5 )

Counter cache功能可以把這個數字存進資料庫,不再需要一筆筆的SQL count查詢,並且會在Post數量有更新的時候,自動更新這個值。

 

首先,你必须要在Topic Model新增一個栏位叫做posts_count,依照慣例是_count结尾,型別是integer,有预设值0。

 

rails g migration add_posts_count_to_topic

编辑Migration:

 

class AddPostsCountToTopic < ActiveRecord::Migration

  def self.up

    add_column :topics, :posts_count, :integer, :default => 0

 

    # 如果是网站上线后才新增这个功能,这里需要先计算设定好初始值

    Topic.find_each do |topic|

      topic.update_attribute(:posts_count, topic.posts.size)

    end

  end

 

  def self.down

    remove_column :topics, :posts_count

  end

end

编辑Models,加入:counter_cache => true:

 

class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base

  has_many :posts

end

 

class Posts < ActiveRecord::Base

  belongs_to :topic, :counter_cache => true

end

这样同样的@topic.posts.size,就会自动变成使用@topic.posts_count,而不會用SQL count查詢一次。

 

6.rails.cache

 

Rails.cache.read("city")   # => nil

Rails.cache.write("city", "Duckburgh")

Rails.cache.read("city")   # => "Duckburgh"

 

cache.write("today", "Monday")

cache.fetch("today")  # => "Monday"

 

cache.fetch("city")   # => nil

cache.fetch("city") do

  "Duckburgh"

end

cache.fetch("city")   # => "Duckburgh"

 

原文在我另一个博客上,这边就不在另外排版了,可参见http://caok1231.com/blog/2013/01/30/caching-with-rails/

分享到:
评论

相关推荐

    Agile Web Development with Rails 4

    Examples use Concerns, Russian Doll caching, and Turbolinks, and the book focuses throughout on the right way to use Rails. Additionally, this edition now works on Ruby 2.0, a new release of Ruby ...

    Rails.Angular.Postgres.and.Bootstrap.2nd.Edition

    With this fully revised new edition, take a holistic view of full-stack development to create usable, high-performing applications with Rails 5. Rails is a great tool for building web applications, ...

    Beginning Ruby on Rails

    With the intuitive, straightforward nature of Ruby and the development platform provided by Rails, you can put together full-fledged web applications quickly, even if you're new to web programming. ...

    Rails_Recipes_with_Source_Code

    12. **缓存(Caching)**:Rails提供了页面、片段、查询和Memcached等多种缓存策略,书中可能介绍如何提高应用性能。 13. **国际化(i18n)**:Rails支持多语言应用,书中可能讲解如何配置和使用i18n系统。 14. **...

    Enterprise Rails

    It's one thing to get your service off the ground with a framework like Rails, but quite another to construct a system that will hold up at enterprise scale. The secret is to make good architectural ...

    Rails, Angular, Postgres, and Bootstrap(Pragmatic,2016)

    You’ll create complex interfaces using Bootstrap’s grid, together with Angular’s form support, backed by a materialized view for caching within Postgres. You’ll get your front-end working with ...

    ASP.NET MVC in Action

    - **Comparison with Other Frameworks:** To provide context and broaden the reader's perspective, the book compares ASP.NET MVC with other popular frameworks like MonoRail and Ruby on Rails....

Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics