Java并发编程-Executor

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Java实用程序总结

Executor框架是指java 5中引入的一系列并发库中与executor相关的一些功能类，其中包括线程池，Executor，Executors，ExecutorService，CompletionService，Future，Callable等。他们的关系为：

并发编程的一种编程方式是把任务拆分为一些列的小任务，即Runnable，然后在提交给一个Executor执行，Executor.execute(Runnalbe) 。Executor在执行时使用内部的线程池完成操作。

一、创建线程池

Executors类，提供了一系列工厂方法用于创先线程池，返回的线程池都实现了ExecutorService接口。

public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads)

创建固定数目线程的线程池。

public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool()

创建一个可缓存的线程池，调用execute 将重用以前构造的线程（如果线程可用）。如果现有线程没有可用的，则创建一个新线程并添加到池中。终止并从缓存中移除那些已有 60 秒钟未被使用的线程。

public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor()

创建一个单线程化的Executor。

public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize)

创建一个支持定时及周期性的任务执行的线程池，多数情况下可用来替代Timer类。

Java代码

Executor executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
Runnable task = new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("task over");
}
};
executor.execute(task);
executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(10);
ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = (ScheduledExecutorService) executor;
scheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate(task, 10, 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

Executor executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
Runnable task = new Runnable() {
	@Override
	public void run() {
		System.out.println("task over");
	}
};
executor.execute(task);

executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(10);
ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = (ScheduledExecutorService) executor;
scheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate(task, 10, 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

二、ExecutorService与生命周期

ExecutorService扩展了Executor并添加了一些生命周期管理的方法。一个Executor的生命周期有三种状态，运行，关闭，终止。Executor创建时处于运行状态。当调用ExecutorService.shutdown()后，处于关闭状态，isShutdown()方法返回true。这时，不应该再想Executor中添加任务，所有已添加的任务执行完毕后，Executor处于终止状态，isTerminated()返回true。

如果Executor处于关闭状态，往Executor提交任务会抛出unchecked exception RejectedExecutionException。

Java代码

ExecutorService executorService = (ExecutorService) executor;
while (!executorService.isShutdown()) {
try {
executorService.execute(task);
} catch (RejectedExecutionException ignored) {
}
}
executorService.shutdown();

ExecutorService executorService = (ExecutorService) executor;
while (!executorService.isShutdown()) {
	try {
		executorService.execute(task);
	} catch (RejectedExecutionException ignored) {
		
	}
}
executorService.shutdown();

三、使用Callable，Future返回结果

Future<V>代表一个异步执行的操作，通过get()方法可以获得操作的结果，如果异步操作还没有完成，则，get()会使当前线程阻塞。FutureTask<V>实现了Future<V>和Runable<V>。Callable代表一个有返回值得操作。

Java代码

Callable<Integer> func = new Callable<Integer>(){
public Integer call() throws Exception {
System.out.println("inside callable");
Thread.sleep(1000);
return new Integer(8);
}
};
FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<Integer>(func);
Thread newThread = new Thread(futureTask);
newThread.start();
try {
System.out.println("blocking here");
Integer result = futureTask.get();
System.out.println(result);
} catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
} catch (ExecutionException ignored) {
}

		Callable<Integer> func = new Callable<Integer>(){
			public Integer call() throws Exception {
				System.out.println("inside callable");
				Thread.sleep(1000);
				return new Integer(8);
			}		
		};		
		FutureTask<Integer> futureTask  = new FutureTask<Integer>(func);
		Thread newThread = new Thread(futureTask);
		newThread.start();
		
		try {
			System.out.println("blocking here");
			Integer result = futureTask.get();
			System.out.println(result);
		} catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
		} catch (ExecutionException ignored) {
		}

ExecutoreService提供了submit()方法，传递一个Callable，或Runnable，返回Future。如果Executor后台线程池还没有完成Callable的计算，这调用返回Future对象的get()方法，会阻塞直到计算完成。

例子：并行计算数组的和。

Java代码

package executorservice;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;
public class ConcurrentCalculator {
private ExecutorService exec;
private int cpuCoreNumber;
private List<Future<Long>> tasks = new ArrayList<Future<Long>>();
// 内部类
class SumCalculator implements Callable<Long> {
private int[] numbers;
private int start;
private int end;
public SumCalculator(final int[] numbers, int start, int end) {
this.numbers = numbers;
this.start = start;
this.end = end;
}
public Long call() throws Exception {
Long sum = 0l;
for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
sum += numbers[i];
}
return sum;
}
}
public ConcurrentCalculator() {
cpuCoreNumber = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(cpuCoreNumber);
}
public Long sum(final int[] numbers) {
// 根据CPU核心个数拆分任务，创建FutureTask并提交到Executor
for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) {
int increment = numbers.length / cpuCoreNumber + 1;
int start = increment * i;
int end = increment * i + increment;
if (end > numbers.length)
end = numbers.length;
SumCalculator subCalc = new SumCalculator(numbers, start, end);
FutureTask<Long> task = new FutureTask<Long>(subCalc);
tasks.add(task);
if (!exec.isShutdown()) {
exec.submit(task);
}
}
return getResult();
}
/**
* 迭代每个只任务，获得部分和，相加返回
*
* @return
*/
public Long getResult() {
Long result = 0l;
for (Future<Long> task : tasks) {
try {
// 如果计算未完成则阻塞
Long subSum = task.get();
result += subSum;
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
return result;
}
public void close() {
exec.shutdown();
}
}

package executorservice;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;

public class ConcurrentCalculator {

	private ExecutorService exec;
	private int cpuCoreNumber;
	private List<Future<Long>> tasks = new ArrayList<Future<Long>>();

	// 内部类
	class SumCalculator implements Callable<Long> {
		private int[] numbers;
		private int start;
		private int end;

		public SumCalculator(final int[] numbers, int start, int end) {
			this.numbers = numbers;
			this.start = start;
			this.end = end;
		}

		public Long call() throws Exception {
			Long sum = 0l;
			for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
				sum += numbers[i];
			}
			return sum;
		}
	}

	public ConcurrentCalculator() {
		cpuCoreNumber = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
		exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(cpuCoreNumber);
	}

	public Long sum(final int[] numbers) {
		// 根据CPU核心个数拆分任务，创建FutureTask并提交到Executor
		for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) {
			int increment = numbers.length / cpuCoreNumber + 1;
			int start = increment * i;
			int end = increment * i + increment;
			if (end > numbers.length)
				end = numbers.length;
			SumCalculator subCalc = new SumCalculator(numbers, start, end);
			FutureTask<Long> task = new FutureTask<Long>(subCalc);
			tasks.add(task);
			if (!exec.isShutdown()) {
				exec.submit(task);
			}
		}
		return getResult();
	}

	/**
	 * 迭代每个只任务，获得部分和，相加返回
	 * 
	 * @return
	 */
	public Long getResult() {
		Long result = 0l;
		for (Future<Long> task : tasks) {
			try {
				// 如果计算未完成则阻塞
				Long subSum = task.get();
				result += subSum;
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			} catch (ExecutionException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
		return result;
	}

	public void close() {
		exec.shutdown();
	}
}

Main

Java代码

int[] numbers = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 };
ConcurrentCalculator calc = new ConcurrentCalculator();
Long sum = calc.sum(numbers);
System.out.println(sum);
calc.close();

int[] numbers = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 };
ConcurrentCalculator calc = new ConcurrentCalculator();
Long sum = calc.sum(numbers);
System.out.println(sum);
calc.close();

四、CompletionService

在刚在的例子中，getResult()方法的实现过程中，迭代了FutureTask的数组，如果任务还没有完成则当前线程会阻塞，如果我们希望任意字任务完成后就把其结果加到result中，而不用依次等待每个任务完成，可以使CompletionService。生产者submit()执行的任务。使用者take()已完成的任务，并按照完成这些任务的顺序处理它们的结果 。也就是调用CompletionService的take方法是，会返回按完成顺序放回任务的结果，CompletionService内部维护了一个阻塞队列BlockingQueue，如果没有任务完成，take()方法也会阻塞。修改刚才的例子使用CompletionService：

Java代码

public class ConcurrentCalculator2 {
private ExecutorService exec;
private CompletionService<Long> completionService;
private int cpuCoreNumber;
// 内部类
class SumCalculator implements Callable<Long> {
......
}
public ConcurrentCalculator2() {
cpuCoreNumber = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(cpuCoreNumber);
completionService = new ExecutorCompletionService<Long>(exec);
}
public Long sum(final int[] numbers) {
// 根据CPU核心个数拆分任务，创建FutureTask并提交到Executor
for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) {
int increment = numbers.length / cpuCoreNumber + 1;
int start = increment * i;
int end = increment * i + increment;
if (end > numbers.length)
end = numbers.length;
SumCalculator subCalc = new SumCalculator(numbers, start, end);
if (!exec.isShutdown()) {
completionService.submit(subCalc);
}
}
return getResult();
}
/**
* 迭代每个只任务，获得部分和，相加返回
*
* @return
*/
public Long getResult() {
Long result = 0l;
for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) {
try {
Long subSum = completionService.take().get();
result += subSum;
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
return result;
}
public void close() {
exec.shutdown();
}
}

public class ConcurrentCalculator2 {

	private ExecutorService exec;
	private CompletionService<Long> completionService;


	private int cpuCoreNumber;

	// 内部类
	class SumCalculator implements Callable<Long> {
		......
	}

	public ConcurrentCalculator2() {
		cpuCoreNumber = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
		exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(cpuCoreNumber);
		completionService = new ExecutorCompletionService<Long>(exec);


	}

	public Long sum(final int[] numbers) {
		// 根据CPU核心个数拆分任务，创建FutureTask并提交到Executor
		for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) {
			int increment = numbers.length / cpuCoreNumber + 1;
			int start = increment * i;
			int end = increment * i + increment;
			if (end > numbers.length)
				end = numbers.length;
			SumCalculator subCalc = new SumCalculator(numbers, start, end);	
			if (!exec.isShutdown()) {
				completionService.submit(subCalc);


			}
			
		}
		return getResult();
	}

	/**
	 * 迭代每个只任务，获得部分和，相加返回
	 * 
	 * @return
	 */
	public Long getResult() {
		Long result = 0l;
		for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) {			
			try {
				Long subSum = completionService.take().get();
				result += subSum;			
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			} catch (ExecutionException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
		return result;
	}

	public void close() {
		exec.shutdown();
	}
}

五、例子HtmlRender

该例子模拟浏览器的Html呈现过程，先呈现文本，再异步下载图片，下载完毕每个图片即显示，见附件eclipse项目htmlreander包。

所有代码见附件，Eclipse项目。本文参考《Java并发编程实践 》。

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2012-09-25 11:24
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