MySQL数据库的初始化mysql_install_db

一、mysql_install_db说明
当MySQL的系统库（mysql系统库）发生故障或需要新加一个mysql实例时，需要初始化mysql数据库。
需要使用的命令：/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db
#/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --help 可以查看帮助信息如下
Usage: /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db [OPTIONS]
  --basedir=path       The path to the MySQL installation directory.
  --cross-bootstrap    For internal use.  Used when building the MySQL system
                       tables on a different host than the target.
  --datadir=path       The path to the MySQL data directory.
  --force              Causes mysql_install_db to run even if DNS does not
                       work.  In that case, grant table entries that normally
                       use hostnames will use IP addresses.
  --ldata=path         The path to the MySQL data directory.
  --rpm                For internal use.  This option is used by RPM files
                       during the MySQL installation process.
  --skip-name-resolve  Use IP addresses rather than hostnames when creating
                       grant table entries.  This option can be useful if
                       your DNS does not work.
  --srcdir=path        For internal use.  The directory under which
                       mysql_install_db looks for support files such as the
                       error message file and the file for popoulating the
                       help tables.
  --user=user_name     The login username to use for running mysqld.  Files
                       and directories created by mysqld will be owned by this
                       user.  You must be root to use this option.  By default
                       mysqld runs using your current login name and files and
                       directories that it creates will be owned by you.

All other options are passed to the mysqld program
除了支持以上的参数，还支持mysqld的参数。

二、举例：
   本文以新加一个mysql实例为例。例如服务器上已经安装了3306端口的mysql服务，需要再启一个3308端口的mysql服务。
   假设mysql安装在/usr/local/mysql路径下，找一个磁盘空间剩余比较大的盘，如/data1，把3308端口的mysql的数据保存在/data1下
#mkdir /data1/mysql_3308
#mkdir /data1/mysql_3308/data
#chown -R mysql:mysql /data1/mysql_3308
 
   复制一个mysql配置文件my.cnf到/data1/mysql_3308目录下
#vi /data1/mysql_3308/my.cnf
修改配置文件，将端口和相关目录的都改为新的设置，如下：
[client]
character-set-server = utf8
port    = 3308
socket  = /tmp/mysql_3308.sock

[mysqld]
user    = mysql
port    = 3308
socket  = /tmp/mysql_3308.sock
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /data1/mysql_3308/data
log-error = /data1/mysql_3308/mysql_error.log
pid-file = /data1/mysql_3308/mysql.pid
......其他略

  确保配置文件无误。
运行下面命令进行数据库的初始化：
#/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --defaults-file=/data1/mysql_3308/my.cnf --datadir=/data1/mysql_3308/data

完成后新的3308数据库就初始化好了，如果有报错，则按照报错的提示查看报错日志，一般情况下都是my.cnf配置文件的问题，修正后即可。

三、启动新mysql
启动3308端口的mysql服务
#/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/data1/mysql_3309/my.cnf &
检查是否启动
#ps aux|grep mysql
如果有3308字样说明已经启动成功
可将启动命令加入/etc/rc.local随服务器启动

新加的mysql没有设置root密码，可以通过下面命令设置root密码：
#/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -S /tmp/mysql_3308.sock -u root password 'new-password'