提高MySQL 查询效率的三个技巧

MySQL由于它本身的小巧和操作的高效, 在数据库应用中越来越多的被采用.我在开发一个P2P应用的时候曾经使用MySQL来保存P2P节点,由于P2P的应用中,结点数动辄上万个,而且节点变化频繁,因此一定要保持查询和插入的高效.以下是我在使用过程中做的提高效率的三个有效的尝试. 1. 使用statement进行绑定查询 2. 随机的获取记录 3. 使用连接池管理连接.

 

 

MySQL由于它本身的小巧和操作的高效, 在数据库应用中越来越多的被采用.我在开发一个P2P应用的时候曾经使用MySQL来保存P2P节点,由于P2P的应用中,结点数动辄上万个,而且节点变化频繁,因此一定要保持查询和插入的高效.以下是我在使用过程中做的提高效率的三个有效的尝试.

 

l        使用statement进行绑定查询

使用statement可以提前构建查询语法树,在查询时不再需要构建语法树就直接查询.因此可以很好的提高查询的效率. 这个方法适合于查询条件固定但查询非常频繁的场合.

使用方法是:

1. 绑定, 创建一个MYSQL_STMT变量,与对应的查询字符串绑定,字符串中的问号代表要传入的变量,每个问号都必须指定一个变量.
2. 查询, 输入每个指定的变量, 传入MYSQL_STMT变量用可用的连接句柄执行.

代码如下:

 

//1.绑定

bool CDBManager::BindInsertStmt(MYSQL * connecthandle)

{

       //作插入操作的绑定

       MYSQL_BIND insertbind[FEILD_NUM];

       if(m_stInsertParam == NULL)

              m_stInsertParam = new CHostCacheTable;

       m_stInsertStmt = mysql_stmt_init(connecthandle);

       //构建绑定字符串

       char insertSQL[SQL_LENGTH];

       strcpy(insertSQL, "insert into HostCache(SessionID, ChannelID, ISPType, "

              "ExternalIP, ExternalPort, InternalIP, InternalPort) "

              "values(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)");

       mysql_stmt_prepare(m_stInsertStmt, insertSQL, strlen(insertSQL));

       int param_count= mysql_stmt_param_count(m_stInsertStmt);

       if(param_count != FEILD_NUM)

              return false;

       //填充bind结构数组, m_sInsertParam是这个statement关联的结构变量

       memset(insertbind, 0, sizeof(insertbind));

       insertbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;

       insertbind[0].buffer_length = ID_LENGTH /* -1 */;

       insertbind[0].buffer = (char *)m_stInsertParam->sessionid;

       insertbind[0].is_null = 0;

       insertbind[0].length = 0;

 

       insertbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;

       insertbind[1].buffer_length = ID_LENGTH /* -1 */;

       insertbind[1].buffer = (char *)m_stInsertParam->channelid;

       insertbind[1].is_null = 0;

       insertbind[1].length = 0;

 

       insertbind[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;

       insertbind[2].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->ISPtype;

       insertbind[2].is_null = 0;

       insertbind[2].length = 0;

 

       insertbind[3].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;

       insertbind[3].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->externalIP;

       insertbind[3].is_null = 0;

       insertbind[3].length = 0;

      

       insertbind[4].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT;

       insertbind[4].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->externalPort;

       insertbind[4].is_null = 0;

       insertbind[4].length = 0;

 

       insertbind[5].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;

       insertbind[5].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->internalIP;

       insertbind[5].is_null = 0;

       insertbind[5].length = 0;

 

       insertbind[6].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT;

       insertbind[6].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->internalPort;

       insertbind[6].is_null = 0;

       insertbind[6].is_null = 0;

       //绑定

       if (mysql_stmt_bind_param(m_stInsertStmt, insertbind))

              return false;

       return true;

}

 

//2.查询

bool CDBManager::InsertHostCache2(MYSQL * connecthandle, char * sessionid, char * channelid, int ISPtype, \

              unsigned int eIP, unsigned short eport, unsigned int iIP, unsigned short iport)

{

       //填充结构变量m_sInsertParam

       strcpy(m_stInsertParam->sessionid, sessionid);

       strcpy(m_stInsertParam->channelid, channelid);

       m_stInsertParam->ISPtype = ISPtype;

       m_stInsertParam->externalIP = eIP;

       m_stInsertParam->externalPort = eport;

       m_stInsertParam->internalIP = iIP;

       m_stInsertParam->internalPort = iport;

       //执行statement,性能瓶颈处

       if(mysql_stmt_execute(m_stInsertStmt))

              return false;

       return true;

}

 

l         随机的获取记录

在某些数据库的应用中, 我们并不是要获取所有的满足条件的记录,而只是要随机挑选出满足条件的记录. 这种情况常见于数据业务的统计分析,从大容量数据库中获取小量的数据的场合.

      有两种方法可以做到

1.       常规方法,首先查询出所有满足条件的记录,然后随机的挑选出部分记录.这种方法在满足条件的记录数很多时效果不理想.

2.       使用limit语法,先获取满足条件的记录条数, 然后在sql查询语句中加入limit来限制只查询满足要求的一段记录. 这种方法虽然要查询两次,但是在数据量大时反而比较高效.

示例代码如下:

 

//1.常规的方法

//性能瓶颈,10万条记录时,执行查询140ms, 获取结果集500ms,其余可忽略

int CDBManager::QueryHostCache(MYSQL* connecthandle, char * channelid, int ISPtype, CDBManager::CHostCacheTable * &hostcache)

{    

       char selectSQL[SQL_LENGTH];

       memset(selectSQL, 0, sizeof(selectSQL));

       sprintf(selectSQL,"select * from HostCache where ChannelID = '%s' and ISPtype = %d", channelid, ISPtype);

       if(mysql_real_query(connecthandle, selectSQL, strlen(selectSQL)) != 0)   //检索

              return 0;

       //获取结果集

       m_pResultSet = mysql_store_result(connecthandle);

       if(!m_pResultSet)   //获取结果集出错

              return 0;

       int iAllNumRows = (int)(mysql_num_rows(m_pResultSet));      ///<所有的搜索结果数

       //计算待返回的结果数

       int iReturnNumRows = (iAllNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)? iAllNumRows:RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM;

       if(iReturnNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)

       {

              //获取逐条记录

              for(int i = 0; i<iReturnNumRows; i++)

              {

                     //获取逐个字段

                     m_Row = mysql_fetch_row(m_pResultSet);

                     if(m_Row[0] != NULL)

                            strcpy(hostcache[i].sessionid, m_Row[0]);

                     if(m_Row[1] != NULL)

                            strcpy(hostcache[i].channelid, m_Row[1]);

                     if(m_Row[2] != NULL)

                            hostcache[i].ISPtype      = atoi(m_Row[2]);

                     if(m_Row[3] != NULL)

                            hostcache[i].externalIP   = atoi(m_Row[3]);

                     if(m_Row[4] != NULL)

                            hostcache[i].externalPort = atoi(m_Row[4]);

                     if(m_Row[5] != NULL)

                            hostcache[i].internalIP   = atoi(m_Row[5]);

                     if(m_Row[6] != NULL)

                            hostcache[i].internalPort = atoi(m_Row[6]);             

              }

       }

       else

       {

              //随机的挑选指定条记录返回

              int iRemainder = iAllNumRows%iReturnNumRows;    ///<余数

              int iQuotient = iAllNumRows/iReturnNumRows;      ///<商

              int iStartIndex = rand()%(iRemainder + 1);         ///<开始下标 

              //获取逐条记录

        for(int iSelectedIndex = 0; iSelectedIndex < iReturnNumRows; iSelectedIndex++)

        {

                            mysql_data_seek(m_pResultSet, iStartIndex + iQuotient * iSelectedIndex);

                            m_Row = mysql_fetch_row(m_pResultSet);

                  if(m_Row[0] != NULL)

                       strcpy(hostcache[iSelectedIndex].sessionid, m_Row[0]);

                   if(m_Row[1] != NULL)

                                   strcpy(hostcache[iSelectedIndex].channelid, m_Row[1]);

                   if(m_Row[2] != NULL)

                       hostcache[iSelectedIndex].ISPtype      = atoi(m_Row[2]);

                   if(m_Row[3] != NULL)

                       hostcache[iSelectedIndex].externalIP   = atoi(m_Row[3]);

                    if(m_Row[4] != NULL)

                       hostcache[iSelectedIndex].externalPort = atoi(m_Row[4]);

                   if(m_Row[5] != NULL)

                       hostcache[iSelectedIndex].internalIP   = atoi(m_Row[5]);

                   if(m_Row[6] != NULL)

                       hostcache[iSelectedIndex].internalPort = atoi(m_Row[6]);

        }

      }

       //释放结果集内容

       mysql_free_result(m_pResultSet);

       return iReturnNumRows;

}

 

//2.使用limit版

int CDBManager::QueryHostCache(MYSQL * connecthandle, char * channelid, unsigned int myexternalip, int ISPtype, CHostCacheTable * hostcache)

{

       //首先获取满足结果的记录条数,再使用limit随机选择指定条记录返回

       MYSQL_ROW row;

       MYSQL_RES * pResultSet;

       char selectSQL[SQL_LENGTH];

       memset(selectSQL, 0, sizeof(selectSQL));

 

       sprintf(selectSQL,"select count(*) from HostCache where ChannelID = '%s' and ISPtype = %d", channelid, ISPtype);

       if(mysql_real_query(connecthandle, selectSQL, strlen(selectSQL)) != 0)   //检索

              return 0;

       pResultSet = mysql_store_result(connecthandle);

       if(!pResultSet)      

              return 0;

       row = mysql_fetch_row(pResultSet);

       int iAllNumRows = atoi(row[0]);

       mysql_free_result(pResultSet);

       //计算待取记录的上下范围

       int iLimitLower = (iAllNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)?

              0:(rand()%(iAllNumRows - RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM));

       int iLimitUpper = (iAllNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)?

              iAllNumRows:(iLimitLower + RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM);

       //计算待返回的结果数

       int iReturnNumRows = (iAllNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)?

               iAllNumRows:RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM;

      

       //使用limit作查询

       sprintf(selectSQL,"select SessionID, ExternalIP, ExternalPort, InternalIP, InternalPort "

              "from HostCache where ChannelID = '%s' and ISPtype = %d limit %d, %d"

              , channelid, ISPtype, iLimitLower, iLimitUpper);

       if(mysql_real_query(connecthandle, selectSQL, strlen(selectSQL)) != 0)   //检索

              return 0;

       pResultSet = mysql_store_result(connecthandle);

       if(!pResultSet)

              return 0;

       //获取逐条记录

       for(int i = 0; i<iReturnNumRows; i++)

       {

              //获取逐个字段

              row = mysql_fetch_row(pResultSet);

              if(row[0] != NULL)

                     strcpy(hostcache[i].sessionid, row[0]);

              if(row[1] != NULL)

                     hostcache[i].externalIP   = atoi(row[1]);

              if(row[2] != NULL)

                     hostcache[i].externalPort = atoi(row[2]);

              if(row[3] != NULL)

                     hostcache[i].internalIP   = atoi(row[3]);

              if(row[4] != NULL)

                     hostcache[i].internalPort = atoi(row[4]);            

       }

       //释放结果集内容

       mysql_free_result(pResultSet);

       return iReturnNumRows;

}

 

l         使用连接池管理连接.

在有大量节点访问的数据库设计中,经常要使用到连接池来管理所有的连接.

一般方法是:建立两个连接句柄队列,空闲的等待使用的队列和正在使用的队列.

当要查询时先从空闲队列中获取一个句柄,插入到正在使用的队列,再用这个句柄做数据库操作,完毕后一定要从使用队列中删除,再插入到空闲队列.

设计代码如下:

 

//定义句柄队列

typedef std::list<MYSQL *> CONNECTION_HANDLE_LIST;

typedef std::list<MYSQL *>::iterator CONNECTION_HANDLE_LIST_IT;

 

//连接数据库的参数结构

class CDBParameter            

{

public:

       char *host;                                 ///<主机名

       char *user;                                 ///<用户名

       char *password;                         ///<密码

       char *database;                           ///<数据库名

       unsigned int port;                 ///<端口，一般为0

       const char *unix_socket;      ///<套接字，一般为NULL

       unsigned int client_flag; ///<一般为0

};

 

//创建两个队列

CONNECTION_HANDLE_LIST m_lsBusyList;                ///<正在使用的连接句柄

CONNECTION_HANDLE_LIST m_lsIdleList;                  ///<未使用的连接句柄

 

//所有的连接句柄先连上数据库,加入到空闲队列中,等待使用.

bool CDBManager::Connect(char * host /* = "localhost" */, char * user /* = "chenmin" */, \

                                           char * password /* = "chenmin" */, char * database /* = "HostCache" */)

{

       CDBParameter * lpDBParam = new CDBParameter();

       lpDBParam->host = host;

       lpDBParam->user = user;

       lpDBParam->password = password;

       lpDBParam->database = database;

       lpDBParam->port = 0;

       lpDBParam->unix_socket = NULL;

       lpDBParam->client_flag = 0;

       try

       {

              //连接

              for(int index = 0; index < CONNECTION_NUM; index++)

              {

                     MYSQL * pConnectHandle = mysql_init((MYSQL*) 0);     //初始化连接句柄

                     if(!mysql_real_connect(pConnectHandle, lpDBParam->host, lpDBParam->user, lpDBParam->password,\

       lpDBParam->database,lpDBParam->port,lpDBParam->unix_socket,lpDBParam->client_fla))

                            return false;

//加入到空闲队列中

                     m_lsIdleList.push_back(pConnectHandle);

              }

       }

       catch(...)

       {

              return false;

       }

       return true;

}

 

//提取一个空闲句柄供使用

MYSQL * CDBManager::GetIdleConnectHandle()

{

       MYSQL * pConnectHandle = NULL;

       m_ListMutex.acquire();

       if(m_lsIdleList.size())

       {

              pConnectHandle = m_lsIdleList.front();      

              m_lsIdleList.pop_front();

              m_lsBusyList.push_back(pConnectHandle);

       }

       else //特殊情况,闲队列中为空,返回为空

       {

              pConnectHandle = 0;

       }

       m_ListMutex.release();

 

       return pConnectHandle;

}

 

//从使用队列中释放一个使用完毕的句柄,插入到空闲队列

void CDBManager::SetIdleConnectHandle(MYSQL * connecthandle)

{

       m_ListMutex.acquire();

       m_lsBusyList.remove(connecthandle);

       m_lsIdleList.push_back(connecthandle);

       m_ListMutex.release();

}

//使用示例,首先获取空闲句柄,利用这个句柄做真正的操作,然后再插回到空闲队列

bool CDBManager::DeleteHostCacheBySessionID(char * sessionid)

{

       MYSQL * pConnectHandle = GetIdleConnectHandle();

       if(!pConnectHandle)

              return 0;

       bool bRet = DeleteHostCacheBySessionID(pConnectHandle, sessionid);

       SetIdleConnectHandle(pConnectHandle);

       return bRet;

}

//传入空闲的句柄,做真正的删除操作

bool CDBManager::DeleteHostCacheBySessionID(MYSQL * connecthandle, char * sessionid)

{

       char deleteSQL[SQL_LENGTH];

       memset(deleteSQL, 0, sizeof(deleteSQL));

       sprintf(deleteSQL,"delete from HostCache where SessionID = '%s'", sessionid);

       if(mysql_query(connecthandle,deleteSQL) != 0) //删除

              return false;

       return true;

}