巧学宾语从句――宾语从句语法详解 [宾语从句歌诀]

巧学宾语从句――宾语从句语法详解 [宾语从句歌诀]
2011年10月01日
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　　巧学宾语从句――宾语从句语法详解 [宾语从句歌诀]  
　　2011-10-01 11:27:46|  分类： 默认分类|  标签：|字号大中小 订阅     巧学宾语从句――宾语从句语法详解  [宾语从句歌诀] 
　　宾语从句三姊妹，that，if/whether，wh-/how展风采。展风采有三关，引导词、语序、时态在把关。
　　主从时态要一致，陈述语序永不变。 陈述请你选that，疑问需用if/whether连。
　　特殊问句作宾从，原来问词不用换。 三关过后莫得意，人称、标点需注意。
　　留意变脸的if/when，从句的简化记心间。
　　一、三姊妹
　　宾语从句根据引导词的不同可分为三种类型：
　　1. 由that引导的宾语从句。如：We knew （that）we should learn from each other.
　　2. 由if/whether引导的宾语从句。如：Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.
　　3. 由who，where，how等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。如：
　　Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office？
　　二、三关
　　1. 引导词关    如果从句是陈述句，引导词用that（that在口语或非正式文体中常省略）；如果从句是一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether；如果从句是特殊疑问句，引导词用由疑问词转换而来的疑问代词/副词。
　　2. 语序关    ①陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。如：
　　He is an honest boy. The teacher said. →The teacher said（that）he was an honest boy.
　　②一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句，语序变为陈述语序。如：
　　Does he work hard？I wonder.→I wonder if/whether he works hard.
　　When did he leave？I don’t know. →I don’t know when he left.
　　3. 时态关   
　　①如果主句是现在的时态，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。
　　如：I have heard（that）he will come back next week. 
　　②如果主句是过去的某种时态，那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态。如：
　　He said（that）there were no classes yesterday.
　　注意：如果宾语从句表述的是客观真理、自然现象等时，不管主句是什么时态，从句都要用一般现在时。如：He said that light travels much faster than sound.
　　三、人称的变化和标点的使用
　　1. 从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。如：“May I use your knife？”He asked me. →He asked me if he might use my knife.         “Doyou know her telephone number？”He asked me.→He asked me if I know her telephone number.
　　2. 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。如：
　　Who will give us a talk？I don’t know. →I don’t know who will give us a talk.
　　Do you know？Where does he live？→Do you know where he lives？
　　四、两副面孔
　　if和when既能引导时间状语从句，又能引导宾语从句。因此，遇到它们就要认真分析一下，它们究竟属于“两副面孔”的哪一副。如：If it rains tomorrow，I won’t come.（时间状语从句）
　　I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. （宾语从句） 
　　五、从句的简化
　　1. 当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语＋宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如：         She found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground. →She found the wallet lie/lying on the ground.
　　2. 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如：   She agreed that she could help me with my maths. →She agreed to help me with my maths.
　　3. 在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词＋不定式”结构。如：
　　Can you tell me how I can get to the station？→Can you tell me how to get to the station？
　　注意：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用， 但有些情况例外。 
　　2）当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：
　　I don't know if ／whether he still lives here after so many years．我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。
　　但在下列情况下只能用whether：
　　①在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether（if…or not也可以使用）。如：  Let me know whether ／if he will come or not．（＝Let me know whether or not he will come）让我知道他是否能来。
　　I don't know whether ／if he does any washing or not．（＝I don't know whether or not he does any washing．）      我不知道他洗不洗衣服。
　　I  wonder  whether  we  stay  or  whether  we  go．我不知道我们是去还是留。
　　②在介词之后用whether。如：I'm interested in whether he likes English．我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。
　　We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time．我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。
　　I worry about whether I hurt her feelings．我担心是否伤了她的感情。
　　③在不定式前用whether。如：Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.  
　　④whether置于句首时，不能换用if。如：Whether this is true or not，I can't say．这是否真的我说不上来。
　　⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如：
　　Whether she will come or not is still a question．她是否能来还是个问题。
　　The question is whether we can catch the bus．问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。
　　⑥若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。如：
　　Please let me know if you like the book．可理解为：
　　a．Please let me know whether you like the book．请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。
　　b．If you like the book，please let me know．你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我。
　　专项练习
　　I. 选择填空。
　　1. Do you know _____ this time yesterday?
　　A. who are they waiting     B. who they are waiting for
　　C. who were they waiting    D. who they were waiting for
　　2. Could you tell us ____ ?  
　　A. if your father does       B. what does your father do 
　　C. your father does what    D. what your father does
　　3. Can you tell me what ______ next Sunday?
　　A. will they do    B. they would do   C. would they do  D. they will do
　　4. She asked me if I knew ______. 
　　A. whose pen was it     B. whose pen it was  C. whose pen it is       D. whose pen is it
　　5. Excuse me, could you tell me ______ ?
　　A. when can I get to the station   B. I can get to which station
　　C. which station I can get to     D. how I can get to the station
　　6. Can you tell me where ______ ? .
　　A. is the post office       B. the post office is   C. does the post office     D. the post office does
　　7. Do you know who ______ with at eight yesterday? 
　　A. he is talking   B. was he talking   C. he was talking   D. is he talking
　　8. They wondered if the teacher ______ us English the next term.
　　A. would teach   B. had taught    C. will teach      D. taught
　　9. He told me that the sun ______ in the east. A. rises    B. raises    C. rose    D. raised
　　10. The boy asked ______ any noise from outside.
　　A. whether had I heard     B. whether I had heard
　　C . whether have I heard    D. whether I have heard 11. This map will show you _______ .
　　A. where is the Summer Palace       B. where the Summer Palace is
　　C. where is the Summer Palace like    D. how the Summer Palace is like 
　　12. My brother ________ to the ground while ________ his bicycle and hurt his leg.
　　A. falls; is he riding     B. fell; he was riding   C. falls; he is riding     D. felt; was he riding 13. I don't know _____ he will be back home.    A. who   B. what   C. when   D. where 14. Could you tell me ___________?    A. where do you live        B. who you are waiting for  C. who were you waiting for    D. where you live in 15. Do you still remember _______? A. that he said B. what he said C. did he say that D. what did he say 16. I can't understand ______the boy alone. A. why she left B. why did she leave C. why she had left D. why had she left 17. She told me the sun ______ in the east. A. rise    B. rose   C. rises   D. had risen 18. They tried to find out ______ the new train ________.  A. how far/ had gone B. how long/ has gone  C. how far/ went D. how far had/ run 19. The manager came up to see __________.   A. what was the matter B. what the matter was C. what the matter is   D. what's the matter 20. Can you tell me ___________?    A. where are you doing     B. where do you study   C. where you were doing    D. where you study 21. I really don’t know _______ the window yesterday.. A. who broke   B. who had broken   C. why broke   D. whether breaks 22. He asked his father _______. A. where it happens   B. where did it happen  C. how it happened   D. how did it happen 23. No one tells us______, so we need your help.  A. how we should do   B. what should we do  C. how to do it     D. what to do it 24. _______ he'll come or not isn't important.   A. Why   B. If     C. Whether    D. What 25. Would you like to know _______they will do it or not.  A. if      B. that    C. whether    D. why 26. ---Where do you think _____ he ____ the TV set?----Sorry, I've no idea.  A./, bought    B. has, bought    C. did, buy    D. did bought 27. Our hometown has changed a lot. Who can tell _____ it would be like in _____ five years. A. how, another   B. what, more   C. how , other   D. what, another 28. ----Could you tell me ______?---- Yes. He ____ to the USA. A. where is he/ has been      B. where he is/ has gone C. where was he/ has been    D. where he was/ has gone 29. ----Mike wants to know if ____ a picnic tomorrow. ----Yes. But if it _______, we'll visit the museum instead. A. you have/ will rain      B. you will have/ will rain C. you will have/ rains     D. will you have/ rains 30. I don't know if he ______tomorrow. If he ________, I'll meet him. A. will come/ comes   B. comes/ comes   C. will come/ will come   D. comes/ will come 31. I really don't know if she _______ it when she ________.    A. finds/ arrives   B. finds/ will arrive   C. will find/ will arrive   D. will find/ arrives 32 Catherine said that she ___ to Guangzhou. A. has never gone   B. had never gone   C. has never been    D. had never been 33 .The students want to know whether they___ dictation today. A. had     B. has .   C. will have    D. are 34. She asked Linda if___ go and get some. A. could she    B. she could    C. she can    D. she may 35. Linda said the moon___ round the earth. A. traveled  B. has traveled  C. travels  D. had travelled 36. I don't know ___ they have passed the exam.   A. what     B. if         C. when     D. where 37. I hardly understand.___ he has told me.          A. that      B. what      C. which     D. who 38. She didn't know___ back soon. A. whether he would be    B. if would he be     C. he will be 39.I don't know _____ he still lives here after so many years. A. whether    B where   C. what   D. when 40. Do you know _____ they listened to yesterday evening? A. what      B when     C why    D how 41. She asked me if I knew ______. A. whose pen is it   B. whose pen it was   C. whose pen it is  D. whose pen was it 42. You must remember ________. A. what your mother said    B. what did your mother say  C. your mother said what    D. what has your mother said 43. Could you tell me ___? A. when will they leave Beijing   B. when would they leave Beijing  C. when they will leave Beijing   D. when did they leave Beijing 44.I don't know _________ he will come tomorrow．_________ he comes，I'll tell you．  A．if；Whether  B．whether；Whether   C．if；That    D．if；If 
　　II. 句型转换
　　1. When does the train arrive? Please tell me.（改为宾语从句）→
　　Please tell me ________ _________ ________ _________.
　　2. What does he do? Do you know? （改为宾语从句）→
　　Do you know _______ he _______?
　　3. Do they want fried chicken? He asked the boys. （改为宾语从句）→
　　He asked the boys _______ they ______ fried chicken.
　　4. Was the watch made in Shanghai? I don't know. （改为宾语从句）→
　　I don't know _______ the watch _______ made in Shanghai.
　　5. “Do you want to try something new?” Tom's mother asked him. （同义句）→
　　Tom's mother asked him _______ _______ _______ to try something new.
　　6. I think this is a good idea.（改为否定句）→
　　I _______ ________ this ________ a good idea.
　　7. Lucy hasn't decided which trousers to buy.（改为主从复合句）→
　　Lucy hasn't decided ________ _________ ________ _______ buy.
　　8. I don't know how I can get to the hospital.（改为简单句）→
　　I don't know ________ ________ ________ to the hospital.
　　9．Does Mr．Brown enjoy living in China？Could you tell us？（改为主从复合句） 
　　→Could you tell us _________ Mr．Brown _________ living in China？ 
　　10．“Does the girl need any help？”he asked me．（变为主从复合句） 
　　→He asked me _________ the girl _________ some help． 
　　11．Jim is not a student．Tom is not a student，either．（合并为一个句子） 
　　_________ Jim _________ Tom is a student． 
　　12．When does the train leave？I want to know．（改为主从复合句） 
　　I want to know _________ the train _________ ． 
　　13．They went home after they had finished their homework．（用not．．．until改写） 
　　They _________ go home _________ they had finished their homework． 
　　14．Did Peter come here yesterday？Li Lei wants to know．（改为主从复合句） 
　　Li Lei wants to know _________ Peter _________ here yesterday．