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Java编码技巧之高效代码50例

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导读
--

> 世界上只有两种物质:高效率和低效率;世界上只有两种人:高效率的人和低效率的人。——萧伯纳

同理,世界上只有两种代码:高效代码和低效代码;世界上只有两种人:编写高效代码的人和编写低效代码的人。如何编写高效代码,是每个研发团队都面临的一个重大问题。所以,作者根据实际经验,查阅了大量资料,总结了"**Java高效代码50例**",让每一个Java程序员都能编写出"**高效代码**"。

1.常量&变量
-------

### 1.1.直接赋值常量值,禁止声明新对象

直接赋值常量值,只是创建了一个对象引用,而这个对象引用指向常量值。

**反例:**

```
Long i = new Long(1L);
String s = new String("abc");
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
Long i = 1L;
String s = "abc";
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 1.2.当成员变量值无需改变时,尽量定义为静态常量

在类的每个对象实例中,每个成员变量都有一份副本,而成员静态常量只有一份实例。

**反例:**

```
public class HttpConnection {
    private final long timeout = 5L;
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public class HttpConnection {
    private static final long TIMEOUT = 5L;
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 1.3.尽量使用基本数据类型,避免自动装箱和拆箱

Java 中的基本数据类型double、float、long、int、short、char、boolean,分别对应包装类Double、Float、Long、Integer、Short、Character、Boolean。 JVM支持基本类型与对应包装类的自动转换,被称为自动装箱和拆箱。装箱和拆箱都是需要CPU和内存资源的,所以应尽量避免使用自动装箱和拆箱。

**反例:**

```
Integer sum = 0;
int[] values = ...;
for (int value : values) {
    sum += value; // 相当于result = Integer.valueOf(result.intValue() + value);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
int sum = 0;
int[] values = ...;
for (int value : values) {
    sum += value;
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 1.4.如果变量的初值会被覆盖,就没有必要给变量赋初值

**反例:**

```
List<UserDO> userList = new ArrayList<>();
if (isAll) {
    userList = userDAO.queryAll();
} else {
    userList = userDAO.queryActive();
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> userList;
if (isAll) {
    userList = userDAO.queryAll();
} else {
    userList = userDAO.queryActive();
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 1.5.尽量使用函数内的基本类型临时变量

在函数内,基本类型的参数和临时变量都保存在栈(Stack)中,访问速度较快;对象类型的参数和临时变量的引用都保存在栈(Stack)中,内容都保存在堆(Heap)中,访问速度较慢。在类中,任何类型的成员变量都保存在堆(Heap)中,访问速度较慢。

**反例:**

```
public final class Accumulator {
    private double result = 0.0D;
    public void addAll(@NonNull double[] values) {
        for(double value : values) {
            result += value;
        }
    }
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public final class Accumulator {
    private double result = 0.0D;
    public void addAll(@NonNull double[] values) {
        double sum = 0.0D;
        for(double value : values) {
            sum += value;
        }
        result += sum;
    }
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 1.6.尽量不要在循环体外定义变量

在老版JDK中,建议“尽量不要在循环体内定义变量”,但是在新版的JDK中已经做了优化。通过对编译后的字节码分析,变量定义在循环体外和循环体内没有本质的区别,运行效率基本上是一样的。反而,根据“ 局部变量作用域最小化 ”原则,变量定义在循环体内更科学更便于维护,避免了延长大对象生命周期导致延缓回收问题 。

**反例:**

```
UserVO userVO;
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
List<UserVO> userVOList = new ArrayList<>(userDOList.size());
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    userVO = new UserVO();
    userVO.setId(userDO.getId());
    ...
    userVOList.add(userVO);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
List<UserVO> userVOList = new ArrayList<>(userDOList.size());
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    UserVO userVO = new UserVO();
    userVO.setId(userDO.getId());
    ...
    userVOList.add(userVO);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 1.7.不可变的静态常量,尽量使用非线程安全类

不可变的静态常量,虽然需要支持多线程访问,也可以使用非线程安全类。

**反例:**

```
public static final Map<String, Class> CLASS_MAP;
static {
    Map<String, Class> classMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(16);
    classMap.put("VARCHAR", java.lang.String.class);
    ...
    CLASS_MAP = Collections.unmodifiableMap(classMap);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public static final Map<String, Class> CLASS_MAP;
static {
    Map<String, Class> classMap = new HashMap<>(16);
    classMap.put("VARCHAR", java.lang.String.class);
    ...
    CLASS_MAP = Collections.unmodifiableMap(classMap);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 1.8.不可变的成员变量,尽量使用非线程安全类

不可变的成员变量,虽然需要支持多线程访问,也可以使用非线程安全类。

**反例:**

```
@Service
public class StrategyFactory implements InitializingBean {
    @Autowired
    private List<Strategy> strategyList;
    private Map<String, Strategy> strategyMap;
    @Override
    public void afterPropertiesSet() {
        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(strategyList)) {
            int size = (int) Math.ceil(strategyList.size() * 4.0 / 3);
            Map<String, Strategy> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(size);
            for (Strategy strategy : strategyList) {
                map.put(strategy.getType(), strategy);
            }
            strategyMap = Collections.unmodifiableMap(map);
        }
    }
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
@Service
public class StrategyFactory implements InitializingBean {
    @Autowired
    private List<Strategy> strategyList;
    private Map<String, Strategy> strategyMap;
    @Override
    public void afterPropertiesSet() {
        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(strategyList)) {
            int size = (int) Math.ceil(strategyList.size() * 4.0 / 3);
            Map<String, Strategy> map = new HashMap<>(size);
            for (Strategy strategy : strategyList) {
                map.put(strategy.getType(), strategy);
            }
            strategyMap = Collections.unmodifiableMap(map);
        }
    }
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

2.对象&类
------

### 2.1.禁止使用JSON转化对象

JSON提供把对象转化为JSON字符串、把JSON字符串转为对象的功能,于是被某些人用来转化对象。这种对象转化方式,虽然在功能上没有问题,但是在性能上却存在问题。

**反例:**

```
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
List<UserVO> userVOList = JSON.parseArray(JSON.toJSONString(userDOList), UserVO.class);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
List<UserVO> userVOList = new ArrayList<>(userDOList.size());
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    UserVO userVO = new UserVO();
    userVO.setId(userDO.getId());
    ...
    userVOList.add(userVO);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 2.2.尽量不使用反射赋值对象

用反射赋值对象,主要优点是节省了代码量,主要缺点却是性能有所下降。

**反例:**

```
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
List<UserVO> userVOList = new ArrayList<>(userDOList.size());
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    UserVO userVO = new UserVO();
    BeanUtils.copyProperties(userDO, userVO);
    userVOList.add(userVO);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
List<UserVO> userVOList = new ArrayList<>(userDOList.size());
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    UserVO userVO = new UserVO();
    userVO.setId(userDO.getId());
    ...
    userVOList.add(userVO);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 2.3.采用Lambda表达式替换内部匿名类

对于大多数刚接触JDK8的同学来说,都会认为Lambda表达式就是匿名内部类的语法糖。实际上, Lambda表达式在大多数虚拟机中采用invokeDynamic指令实现,相对于匿名内部类在效率上会更高一些。

**反例:**

```
List<User> userList = ...;
Collections.sort(userList, new Comparator<User>() {
    @Override
    public int compare(User user1, User user2) {
        Long userId1 = user1.getId();
        Long userId2 = user2.getId();
        ...
        return userId1.compareTo(userId2);
    }
});
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<User> userList = ...;
Collections.sort(userList, (user1, user2) -> {
    Long userId1 = user1.getId();
    Long userId2 = user2.getId();
    ...
    return userId1.compareTo(userId2);
});
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 2.4.尽量避免定义不必要的子类

多一个类就需要多一份类加载,所以尽量避免定义不必要的子类。

**反例:**

```
public static final Map<String, Class> CLASS_MAP =
    Collections.unmodifiableMap(new HashMap<String, Class>(16) {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
    {
        put("VARCHAR", java.lang.String.class);
    }
});
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public static final Map<String, Class> CLASS_MAP;
static {
    Map<String, Class> classMap = new HashMap<>(16);
    classMap.put("VARCHAR", java.lang.String.class);
    ...
    CLASS_MAP = Collections.unmodifiableMap(classMap);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 2.5.尽量指定类的final修饰符

为类指定final修饰符,可以让该类不可以被继承。如果指定了一个类为final,则该类所有的方法都是final的,Java编译器会寻找机会内联所有的final方法。内联对于提升Java运行效率作用重大,具体可参见Java运行期优化,能够使性能平均提高50%。

**反例:**

```
public class DateHelper {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public final class DateHelper {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**注意:**使用Spring的AOP特性时,需要对Bean进行动态代理,如果Bean类添加了final修饰,会导致异常。

3.方法
----

### 3.1.把跟类成员变量无关的方法声明成静态方法

静态方法的好处就是不用生成类的实例就可以直接调用。静态方法不再属于某个对象,而是属于它所在的类。只需要通过其类名就可以访问,不需要再消耗资源去反复创建对象。即便在类内部的私有方法,如果没有使用到类成员变量,也应该声明为静态方法。

**反例:**

```
public int getMonth(Date date) {
    Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
    calendar.setTime(date);
    return calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1;
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public static int getMonth(Date date) {
    Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
    calendar.setTime(date);
    return calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1;
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 3.2.尽量使用基本数据类型作为方法参数类型,避免不必要的装箱、拆箱和空指针判断

**反例:**

```
public static double sum(Double value1, Double value2) {
    double double1 = Objects.isNull(value1) ? 0.0D : value1;
    double double2 = Objects.isNull(value2) ? 0.0D : value2;
    return double1 + double2;
}
double result = sum(1.0D, 2.0D);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public static double sum(double value1, double value2) {
    return value1 + value2;
}
double result = sum(1.0D, 2.0D);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 3.3.尽量使用基本数据类型作为方法返回值类型,避免不必要的装箱、拆箱和空指针判断

在JDK类库的方法中,很多方法返回值都采用了基本数据类型,首先是为了避免不必要的装箱和拆箱,其次是为了避免返回值的空指针判断。比如:Collection.isEmpty()和Map.size()。

**反例:**

```
public static Boolean isValid(UserDO user) {
    if (Objects.isNull(user)) {
        return false;
    }
    return Boolean.TRUE.equals(user.getIsValid());
}

// 调用代码
UserDO user = ...;
Boolean isValid = isValid(user);
if (Objects.nonNull(isValid) && isValid.booleanValue()) {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public static boolean isValid(UserDO user) {
    if (Objects.isNull(user)) {
        return false;
    }
    return Boolean.TRUE.equals(user.getIsValid());
}

// 调用代码
UserDO user = ...;
if (isValid(user)) {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 3.4.协议方法参数值非空,避免不必要的空指针判断

协议编程,可以@NonNull和@Nullable标注参数,是否遵循全凭调用者自觉。

**反例:**

```
public static boolean isValid(UserDO user) {
    if (Objects.isNull(user)) {
        return false;
    }
    return Boolean.TRUE.equals(user.getIsValid());
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public static boolean isValid(@NonNull UserDO user) {
    return Boolean.TRUE.equals(user.getIsValid());
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 3.5.协议方法返回值非空,避免不必要的空指针判断

协议编程,可以@NonNull和@Nullable标注参数,是否遵循全凭实现者自觉。

**反例:**

```
// 定义接口
public interface OrderService {
    public List<OrderVO> queryUserOrder(Long userId);
}

// 调用代码
List<OrderVO> orderList = orderService.queryUserOrder(userId);
if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(orderList)) {
    for (OrderVO order : orderList) {
        ...
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
// 定义接口
public interface OrderService {
    @NonNull
    public List<OrderVO> queryUserOrder(Long userId);
}

// 调用代码
List<OrderVO> orderList = orderService.queryUserOrder(userId);
for (OrderVO order : orderList) {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 3.6.被调用方法已支持判空处理,调用方法无需再进行判空处理

**反例:**

```
UserDO user = null;
if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(value)) {
    user = JSON.parseObject(value, UserDO.class);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
UserDO user = JSON.parseObject(value, UserDO.class);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 3.7.尽量避免不必要的函数封装

方法调用会引起入栈和出栈,导致消耗更多的CPU和内存,应当尽量避免不必要的函数封装。当然,为了使代码更简洁、更清晰、更易维护,增加一定的方法调用所带来的性能损耗是值得的。

**反例:**

```
// 函数封装
public static boolean isVip(Boolean isVip) {
    return Boolean.TRUE.equals(isVip);
}

// 使用代码
boolean isVip = isVip(user.getVip());
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
boolean isVip = Boolean.TRUE.equals(user.getVip());
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 3.8.尽量指定方法的final修饰符

方法指定final修饰符,可以让方法不可以被重写,Java编译器会寻找机会内联所有的final方法。内联对于提升Java运行效率作用重大,具体可参见Java运行期优化,能够使性能平均提高50%。

**注意:**所有的private方法会隐式地被指定final修饰符,所以无须再为其指定final修饰符。

**反例:**

```
public class Rectangle {
    ...
    public double area() {
        ...
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public class Rectangle {
    ...
    public final double area() {
        ...
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**注意:**使用Spring的AOP特性时,需要对Bean进行动态代理,如果方法添加了final修饰,将不会被代理。

4.表达式
-----

### 4.1.尽量减少方法的重复调用

**反例:**

```
List<UserDO> userList = ...;
for (int i = 0; i < userList.size(); i++) {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> userList = ...;
int userLength = userList.size();
for (int i = 0; i < userLength; i++) {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 4.2.尽量避免不必要的方法调用

**反例:**

```
List<UserDO> userList = userDAO.queryActive();
if (isAll) {
    userList = userDAO.queryAll();
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> userList;
if (isAll) {
    userList = userDAO.queryAll();
} else {
    userList = userDAO.queryActive();
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 4.3.尽量使用移位来代替正整数乘除

用移位操作可以极大地提高性能。对于乘除2^n(n为正整数)的正整数计算,可以用移位操作来代替。

**反例:**

```
int num1 = a * 4;
int num2 = a / 4;
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
int num1 = a << 2;
int num2 = a >> 2;
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 4.4.提取公共表达式,避免重复计算

提取公共表达式,只计算一次值,然后重复利用值。

**反例:**

```
double distance = Math.sqrt((x2 - x1) * (x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) * (y2 - y1));
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
double dx = x2 - x1;
double dy = y2 - y1;
double distance = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);

double distance = Math.sqrt(Math.pow(x2 - x1, 2) + Math.pow(y2 - y1, 2));
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 4.5.尽量不在条件表达式中用!取反

使用!取反会多一次计算,如果没有必要则优化掉。

**反例:**

```
if (!(a >= 10)) {
    ... // 条件处理1
} else {
    ... // 条件处理2
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
if (a < 10) {
    ... // 条件处理1
} else {
    ... // 条件处理2
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 4.6.对于多常量选择分支,尽量使用switch语句而不是if-else语句

if-else语句,每个if条件语句都要加装计算,直到if条件语句为true为止。switch语句进行了跳转优化,Java中采用tableswitch或lookupswitch指令实现,对于多常量选择分支处理效率更高。经过试验证明:在每个分支出现概率相同的情况下,低于5个分支时if-else语句效率更高,高于5个分支时switch语句效率更高。

**反例:**

```
if (i == 1) {
    ...; // 分支1
} else if (i == 2) {
    ...; // 分支2
} else if (i == ...) {
    ...; // 分支n
} else {
    ...; // 分支n+1
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
switch (i) {
    case 1 :
        ... // 分支1
        break;
    case 2 :
        ... // 分支2
        break;
    case ... :
        ... // 分支n
        break;
    default :
        ... // 分支n+1
        break;
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**备注:**如果业务复杂,可以采用Map实现策略模式。

5.字符串
-----

### 5.1.尽量不要使用正则表达式匹配

正则表达式匹配效率较低,尽量使用字符串匹配操作。

**反例:**

```
String source = "a::1,b::2,c::3,d::4";
String target = source.replaceAll("::", "=");
Stringp[] targets = source.spit("::");
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
String source = "a::1,b::2,c::3,d::4";
String target = source.replace("::", "=");
Stringp[] targets = StringUtils.split(source, "::");
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 5.2.尽量使用字符替换字符串

字符串的长度不确定,而字符的长度固定为1,查找和匹配的效率自然提高了。

**反例:**

```
String source = "a:1,b:2,c:3,d:4";
int index = source.indexOf(":");
String target = source.replace(":", "=");
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
String source = "a:1,b:2,c:3,d:4";
int index = source.indexOf(':');
String target = source.replace(':', '=');
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 5.3.尽量使用StringBuilder进行字符串拼接

String是final类,内容不可修改,所以每次字符串拼接都会生成一个新对象。StringBuilder在初始化时申请了一块内存,以后的字符串拼接都在这块内存中执行,不会申请新内存和生成新对象。

**反例:**

```
String s = "";
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    if (i != 0) {
        s += ',';
    }
    s += i;
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(128);
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    if (i != 0) {
        sb.append(',');
    }
    sb.append(i);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 5.4.不要使用""+转化字符串

使用""+进行字符串转化,使用方便但是效率低,建议使用String.valueOf.

**反例:**

```
int i = 12345;
String s = "" + i;
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
int i = 12345;
String s = String.valueOf(i);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

6.数组
----

### 6.1.不要使用循环拷贝数组,尽量使用System.arraycopy拷贝数组

推荐使用System.arraycopy拷贝数组,也可以使用Arrays.copyOf拷贝数组。

**反例:**

```
int[] sources = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int[] targets = new int[sources.length];
for (int i = 0; i < targets.length; i++) {
    targets[i] = sources[i];
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
int[] sources = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int[] targets = new int[sources.length];
System.arraycopy(sources, 0, targets, 0, targets.length);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 6.2.集合转化为类型T数组时,尽量传入空数组T\[0\]

将集合转换为数组有2种形式:toArray(new T\[n\])和toArray(new T\[0\])。在旧的Java版本中,建议使用toArray(new T\[n\]),因为创建数组时所需的反射调用非常慢。在OpenJDK6后,反射调用是内在的,使得性能得以提高,toArray(new T\[0\])比toArray(new T\[n\])效率更高。此外,toArray(new T\[n\])比toArray(new T\[0\])多获取一次列表大小,如果计算列表大小耗时过长,也会导致toArray(new T\[n\])效率降低。

**反例:**

```
List<Integer> integerList = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...);
Integer[] integers = integerList.toArray(new Integer[integerList.size()]);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<Integer> integerList = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...);
Integer[] integers = integerList.toArray(new Integer[0]); // 勿用new Integer[]{}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**建议:**集合应该提供一个toArray(Class<T> clazz)方法,避免无用的空数组初始化(new T\[0\])。

### 6.3.集合转化为Object数组时,尽量使用toArray()方法

转化Object数组时,没有必要使用toArray\[new Object\[0\]\],可以直接使用toArray()。避免了类型的判断,也避免了空数组的申请,所以效率会更高。

**反例:**

```
List<Object> objectList = Arrays.asList(1, "2", 3, "4", 5, ...);
Object[] objects = objectList.toArray(new Object[0]);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<Object> objectList = Arrays.asList(1, "2", 3, "4", 5, ...);
Object[] objects = objectList.toArray();
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

7.集合
----

### 7.1.初始化集合时,尽量指定集合大小

Java集合初始化时都会指定一个默认大小,当默认大小不再满足数据需求时就会扩容,每次扩容的时间复杂度有可能是O(n)。所以,尽量指定预知的集合大小,就能避免或减少集合的扩容次数。

**反例:**

```
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
Set<Long> userSet = new HashSet<>();
Map<Long, UserDO> userMap = new HashMap<>();
List<UserVO> userList = new ArrayList<>();
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    userSet.add(userDO.getId());
    userMap.put(userDO.getId(), userDO);
    userList.add(transUser(userDO));
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
int userSize = userDOList.size();
Set<Long> userSet = new HashSet<>(userSize);
Map<Long, UserDO> userMap = new HashMap<>((int) Math.ceil(userSize * 4.0 / 3));
List<UserVO> userList = new ArrayList<>(userSize);
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    userSet.add(userDO.getId());
    userMap.put(userDO.getId(), userDO);
    userList.add(transUser(userDO));
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 7.2.不要使用循环拷贝集合,尽量使用JDK提供的方法拷贝集合

JDK提供的方法可以一步指定集合的容量,避免多次扩容浪费时间和空间。同时,这些方法的底层也是调用System.arraycopy方法实现,进行数据的批量拷贝效率更高。

**反例:**

```
List<UserDO> user1List = ...;
List<UserDO> user2List = ...;
List<UserDO> userList = new ArrayList<>(user1List.size() + user2List.size());
for (UserDO user1 : user1List) {
    userList.add(user1);
}
for (UserDO user2 : user2List) {
    userList.add(user2);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> user1List = ...;
List<UserDO> user2List = ...;
List<UserDO> userList = new ArrayList<>(user1List.size() + user2List.size());
userList.addAll(user1List);
userList.addAll(user2List);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 7.3.尽量使用Arrays.asList转化数组为列表

原理与"不要使用循环拷贝集合,尽量使用JDK提供的方法拷贝集合"类似。

**反例:**

```
List<String> typeList = new ArrayList<>(8);
typeList.add("Short");
typeList.add("Integer");
typeList.add("Long");

String[] names = ...;
List<String> nameList = ...;
for (String name : names) {
    nameList.add(name);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<String> typeList = Arrays.asList("Short", "Integer", "Long");

String[] names = ...;
List<String> nameList = ...;
nameList.addAll(Arrays.asList(names));
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 7.4.直接迭代需要使用的集合

直接迭代需要使用的集合,无需通过其它操作获取数据。

**反例:**

```
Map<Long, UserDO> userMap = ...;
for (Long userId : userMap.keySet()) {
    UserDO user = userMap.get(userId);
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
Map<Long, UserDO> userMap = ...;
for (Map.Entry<Long, UserDO> userEntry : userMap.entrySet()) {
    Long userId = userEntry.getKey();
    UserDO user = userEntry.getValue();
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 7.5.不要使用size方法检测空,必须使用isEmpty方法检测空

使用size方法来检测空逻辑上没有问题,但使用isEmpty方法使得代码更易读,并且可以获得更好的性能。任何isEmpty方法实现的时间复杂度都是O(1),但是某些size方法实现的时间复杂度有可能是O(n)。

**反例:**

```
List<UserDO> userList = ...;
if (userList.size() == 0) {
    ...
}
Map<Long, UserDO> userMap = ...;
if (userMap.size() == 0) {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> userList = ...;
if (userList.isEmpty()) {
    ...
}
Map<Long, UserDO> userMap = ...;
if (userMap.isEmpty()) {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 7.6.非随机访问的List,尽量使用迭代代替随机访问

对于列表,可分为随机访问和非随机访问两类,可以用是否实现RandomAccess接口判断。随机访问列表,直接通过get获取数据不影响效率。而非随机访问列表,通过get获取数据效率极低。

**反例:**

```
LinkedList<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
int size = userDOList.size();
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
    UserDO userDO = userDOList.get(i);
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
LinkedList<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

其实,不管列表支不支持随机访问,都应该使用迭代进行遍历。

### 7.7.尽量使用HashSet判断值存在

在Java集合类库中,List的contains方法普遍时间复杂度是O(n),而HashSet的时间复杂度为O(1)。如果需要频繁调用contains方法查找数据,可以先将List转换成HashSet。

**反例:**

```
List<Long> adminIdList = ...;
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
List<UserVO> userVOList = new ArrayList<>(userDOList.size());
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    if (adminIdList.contains(userDO.getId())) {
        userVOList.add(transUser(userDO));
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
Set<Long> adminIdSet = ...;
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
List<UserVO> userVOList = new ArrayList<>(userDOList.size());
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    if (adminIdSet.contains(userDO.getId())) {
        userVOList.add(transUser(userDO));
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 7.8.避免先判断存在再进行获取

如果需要先判断存在再进行获取,可以直接获取并判断空,从而避免了二次查找操作。

**反例:**

```
public static UserVO transUser(UserDO user, Map<Long, RoleDO> roleMap) {
    UserVO userVO = new UserVO();
    userVO.setId(user.getId());
    ...
    if (roleMap.contains(user.getRoleId())) {
        RoleDO role = roleMap.get(user.getRoleId());
        userVO.setRole(transRole(role));
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public static UserVO transUser(UserDO user, Map<Long, RoleDO> roleMap) {
    UserVO userVO = new UserVO();
    userVO.setId(user.getId());
    ...
    RoleDO role = roleMap.get(user.getRoleId());
    if (Objects.nonNull(role)) {
        userVO.setRole(transRole(role));
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

8.异常
----

### 8.1.直接捕获对应的异常

直接捕获对应的异常,避免用instanceof判断,效率更高代码更简洁。

**反例:**

```
try {
    saveData();
} catch (Exception e) {
    if (e instanceof IOException) {
        log.error("保存数据IO异常", e);
    } else {
        log.error("保存数据其它异常", e);
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
try {
    saveData();
} catch (IOException e) {
    log.error("保存数据IO异常", e);
} catch (Exception e) {
    log.error("保存数据其它异常", e);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 8.2.尽量避免在循环中捕获异常

当循环体抛出异常后,无需循环继续执行时,没有必要在循环体中捕获异常。因为,过多的捕获异常会降低程序执行效率。

**反例:**

```
public Double sum(List<String> valueList) {
    double sum = 0.0D;
    for (String value : valueList) {
        try {
            sum += Double.parseDouble(value);
        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
            return null;
        }
    }
    return sum;
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public Double sum(List<String> valueList) {
    double sum = 0.0D;
    try {
        for (String value : valueList) {
            sum += Double.parseDouble(value);
        }
    } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
        return null;
    }
    return sum;
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 8.3.禁止使用异常控制业务流程

相对于条件表达式,异常的处理效率更低。

**反例:**

```
public static boolean isValid(UserDO user) {
    try {
        return Boolean.TRUE.equals(user.getIsValid());
    } catch(NullPointerException e) {
        return false;
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public static boolean isValid(UserDO user) {
    if (Objects.isNull(user)) {
        return false;
    }
    return Boolean.TRUE.equals(user.getIsValid());
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

9.缓冲区
-----

### 9.1.初始化时尽量指定缓冲区大小

初始化时,指定缓冲区的预期容量大小,避免多次扩容浪费时间和空间。

**反例:**

```
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer(1024);
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(1024);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 9.2.尽量重复使用同一缓冲区

针对缓冲区,Java虚拟机需要花时间生成对象,还要花时间进行垃圾回收处理。所以,尽量重复利用缓冲区。

**反例:**

```
StringBuilder builder1 = new StringBuilder(128);
builder1.append("update t_user set name = '").append(userName).append("' where id = ").append(userId);
statement.executeUpdate(builder1.toString());
StringBuilder builder2 = new StringBuilder(128);
builder2.append("select id, name from t_user where id = ").append(userId);
ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery(builder2.toString());
...
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(128);
builder.append("update t_user set name = '").append(userName).append("' where id = ").append(userId);
statement.executeUpdate(builder.toString());
builder.setLength(0);
builder.append("select id, name from t_user where id = ").append(userId);
ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery(builder.toString());
...
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

其中,使用setLength方法让缓冲区重新从0开始。

### 9.3.尽量设计使用同一缓冲区

为了提高程序运行效率,在设计上尽量使用同一缓冲区。

**反例:**

```
// 转化XML(UserDO)
public static String toXml(UserDO user) {
    StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(128);
    builder.append("<UserDO>");
    builder.append(toXml(user.getId()));
    builder.append(toXml(user.getName()));
    builder.append(toXml(user.getRole()));
    builder.append("</UserDO>");
    return builder.toString();
}
// 转化XML(Long)
public static String toXml(Long value) {
    StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(128);
    builder.append("<Long>");
    builder.append(value);
    builder.append("</Long>");
    return builder.toString();
}
...

// 使用代码
UserDO user = ...;
String xml = toXml(user);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
// 转化XML(UserDO)
public static void toXml(StringBuilder builder, UserDO user) {
    builder.append("<UserDO>");
    toXml(builder, user.getId());
    toXml(builder, user.getName());
    toXml(builder, user.getRole());
    builder.append("</UserDO>");
}
// 转化XML(Long)
public static void toXml(StringBuilder builder, Long value) {
    builder.append("<Long>");
    builder.append(value);
    builder.append("</Long>");
}
...

// 使用代码
UserDO user = ...;
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(1024);
toXml(builder, user);
String xml = builder.toString();
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

去掉每个转化方法中的缓冲区申请,申请一个缓冲区给每个转化方法使用。从时间上来说,节约了大量缓冲区的申请释放时间;从空间上来说,节约了大量缓冲区的临时存储空间。

### 9.4.尽量使用缓冲流减少IO操作

使用缓冲流BufferedReader、BufferedWriter、BufferedInputStream、BufferedOutputStream等,可以大幅减少IO次数并提升IO速度。

**反例:**

```
try (FileInputStream input = new FileInputStream("a");
    FileOutputStream output = new FileOutputStream("b")) {
    int size = 0;
    byte[] temp = new byte[1024];
    while ((size = input.read(temp)) != -1) {
        output.write(temp, 0, size);
    }
} catch (IOException e) {
    log.error("复制文件异常", e);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
try (BufferedInputStream input = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream("a"));
    BufferedOutputStream output = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("b"))) {
    int size = 0;
    byte[] temp = new byte[1024];
    while ((size = input.read(temp)) != -1) {
        output.write(temp, 0, size);
    }
} catch (IOException e) {
    log.error("复制文件异常", e);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

其中,可以根据实际情况手动指定缓冲流的大小,把缓冲流的缓冲作用发挥到最大。

10.线程
-----

### 10.1.在单线程中,尽量使用非线程安全类

使用非线程安全类,避免了不必要的同步开销。

**反例:**

```
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer(128);
buffer.append("select * from ").append(T_USER).append(" where id = ?");
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder(128);
buffer.append("select * from ").append(T_USER).append(" where id = ?");
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 10.2.在多线程中,尽量使用线程安全类

使用线程安全类,比自己实现的同步代码更简洁更高效。

**反例:**

```
private volatile int counter = 0;
public void access(Long userId) {
    synchronized (this) {
        counter++;
    }
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
private final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(0);
public void access(Long userId) {
    counter.incrementAndGet();
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 10.3.尽量减少同步代码块范围

在一个方法中,可能只有一小部分的逻辑是需要同步控制的,如果同步控制了整个方法会影响执行效率。所以,尽量减少同步代码块的范围,只对需要进行同步的代码进行同步。

**反例:**

```
private volatile int counter = 0;
public synchronized void access(Long userId) {
    counter++;
    ... // 非同步操作
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
private volatile int counter = 0;
public void access(Long userId) {
    synchronized (this) {
        counter++;
    }
    ... // 非同步操作
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 10.4.尽量合并为同一同步代码块

同步代码块是有性能开销的,如果确定可以合并为同一同步代码块,就应该尽量合并为同一同步代码块。

**反例:**

```
// 处理单一订单
public synchronized handleOrder(OrderDO order) {
    ...
}

// 处理所有订单
public void handleOrder(List<OrderDO> orderList) {
    for (OrderDO order : orderList) {
        handleOrder(order);
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
// 处理单一订单
public handleOrder(OrderDO order) {
    ...
}

// 处理所有订单
public synchronized void handleOrder(List<OrderDO> orderList) {
    for (OrderDO order : orderList) {
        handleOrder(order);
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 10.5.尽量使用线程池减少线程开销

多线程中两个必要的开销:线程的创建和上下文切换。采用线程池,可以尽量地避免这些开销。

**反例:**

```
public void executeTask(Runnable runnable) {
    new Thread(runnable).start();
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
private static final ExecutorService EXECUTOR_SERVICE = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
public void executeTask(Runnable runnable) {
    executorService.execute(runnable);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")
导读
--

> 世界上只有两种物质:高效率和低效率;世界上只有两种人:高效率的人和低效率的人。——萧伯纳

同理,世界上只有两种代码:高效代码和低效代码;世界上只有两种人:编写高效代码的人和编写低效代码的人。如何编写高效代码,是每个研发团队都面临的一个重大问题。所以,作者根据实际经验,查阅了大量资料,总结了"**Java高效代码50例**",让每一个Java程序员都能编写出"**高效代码**"。

1.常量&变量
-------

### 1.1.直接赋值常量值,禁止声明新对象

直接赋值常量值,只是创建了一个对象引用,而这个对象引用指向常量值。

**反例:**

```
Long i = new Long(1L);
String s = new String("abc");
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
Long i = 1L;
String s = "abc";
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 1.2.当成员变量值无需改变时,尽量定义为静态常量

在类的每个对象实例中,每个成员变量都有一份副本,而成员静态常量只有一份实例。

**反例:**

```
public class HttpConnection {
    private final long timeout = 5L;
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public class HttpConnection {
    private static final long TIMEOUT = 5L;
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 1.3.尽量使用基本数据类型,避免自动装箱和拆箱

Java 中的基本数据类型double、float、long、int、short、char、boolean,分别对应包装类Double、Float、Long、Integer、Short、Character、Boolean。 JVM支持基本类型与对应包装类的自动转换,被称为自动装箱和拆箱。装箱和拆箱都是需要CPU和内存资源的,所以应尽量避免使用自动装箱和拆箱。

**反例:**

```
Integer sum = 0;
int[] values = ...;
for (int value : values) {
    sum += value; // 相当于result = Integer.valueOf(result.intValue() + value);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
int sum = 0;
int[] values = ...;
for (int value : values) {
    sum += value;
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 1.4.如果变量的初值会被覆盖,就没有必要给变量赋初值

**反例:**

```
List<UserDO> userList = new ArrayList<>();
if (isAll) {
    userList = userDAO.queryAll();
} else {
    userList = userDAO.queryActive();
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> userList;
if (isAll) {
    userList = userDAO.queryAll();
} else {
    userList = userDAO.queryActive();
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 1.5.尽量使用函数内的基本类型临时变量

在函数内,基本类型的参数和临时变量都保存在栈(Stack)中,访问速度较快;对象类型的参数和临时变量的引用都保存在栈(Stack)中,内容都保存在堆(Heap)中,访问速度较慢。在类中,任何类型的成员变量都保存在堆(Heap)中,访问速度较慢。

**反例:**

```
public final class Accumulator {
    private double result = 0.0D;
    public void addAll(@NonNull double[] values) {
        for(double value : values) {
            result += value;
        }
    }
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public final class Accumulator {
    private double result = 0.0D;
    public void addAll(@NonNull double[] values) {
        double sum = 0.0D;
        for(double value : values) {
            sum += value;
        }
        result += sum;
    }
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 1.6.尽量不要在循环体外定义变量

在老版JDK中,建议“尽量不要在循环体内定义变量”,但是在新版的JDK中已经做了优化。通过对编译后的字节码分析,变量定义在循环体外和循环体内没有本质的区别,运行效率基本上是一样的。反而,根据“ 局部变量作用域最小化 ”原则,变量定义在循环体内更科学更便于维护,避免了延长大对象生命周期导致延缓回收问题 。

**反例:**

```
UserVO userVO;
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
List<UserVO> userVOList = new ArrayList<>(userDOList.size());
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    userVO = new UserVO();
    userVO.setId(userDO.getId());
    ...
    userVOList.add(userVO);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
List<UserVO> userVOList = new ArrayList<>(userDOList.size());
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    UserVO userVO = new UserVO();
    userVO.setId(userDO.getId());
    ...
    userVOList.add(userVO);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 1.7.不可变的静态常量,尽量使用非线程安全类

不可变的静态常量,虽然需要支持多线程访问,也可以使用非线程安全类。

**反例:**

```
public static final Map<String, Class> CLASS_MAP;
static {
    Map<String, Class> classMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(16);
    classMap.put("VARCHAR", java.lang.String.class);
    ...
    CLASS_MAP = Collections.unmodifiableMap(classMap);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public static final Map<String, Class> CLASS_MAP;
static {
    Map<String, Class> classMap = new HashMap<>(16);
    classMap.put("VARCHAR", java.lang.String.class);
    ...
    CLASS_MAP = Collections.unmodifiableMap(classMap);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 1.8.不可变的成员变量,尽量使用非线程安全类

不可变的成员变量,虽然需要支持多线程访问,也可以使用非线程安全类。

**反例:**

```
@Service
public class StrategyFactory implements InitializingBean {
    @Autowired
    private List<Strategy> strategyList;
    private Map<String, Strategy> strategyMap;
    @Override
    public void afterPropertiesSet() {
        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(strategyList)) {
            int size = (int) Math.ceil(strategyList.size() * 4.0 / 3);
            Map<String, Strategy> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(size);
            for (Strategy strategy : strategyList) {
                map.put(strategy.getType(), strategy);
            }
            strategyMap = Collections.unmodifiableMap(map);
        }
    }
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
@Service
public class StrategyFactory implements InitializingBean {
    @Autowired
    private List<Strategy> strategyList;
    private Map<String, Strategy> strategyMap;
    @Override
    public void afterPropertiesSet() {
        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(strategyList)) {
            int size = (int) Math.ceil(strategyList.size() * 4.0 / 3);
            Map<String, Strategy> map = new HashMap<>(size);
            for (Strategy strategy : strategyList) {
                map.put(strategy.getType(), strategy);
            }
            strategyMap = Collections.unmodifiableMap(map);
        }
    }
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

2.对象&类
------

### 2.1.禁止使用JSON转化对象

JSON提供把对象转化为JSON字符串、把JSON字符串转为对象的功能,于是被某些人用来转化对象。这种对象转化方式,虽然在功能上没有问题,但是在性能上却存在问题。

**反例:**

```
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
List<UserVO> userVOList = JSON.parseArray(JSON.toJSONString(userDOList), UserVO.class);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
List<UserVO> userVOList = new ArrayList<>(userDOList.size());
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    UserVO userVO = new UserVO();
    userVO.setId(userDO.getId());
    ...
    userVOList.add(userVO);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 2.2.尽量不使用反射赋值对象

用反射赋值对象,主要优点是节省了代码量,主要缺点却是性能有所下降。

**反例:**

```
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
List<UserVO> userVOList = new ArrayList<>(userDOList.size());
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    UserVO userVO = new UserVO();
    BeanUtils.copyProperties(userDO, userVO);
    userVOList.add(userVO);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
List<UserVO> userVOList = new ArrayList<>(userDOList.size());
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    UserVO userVO = new UserVO();
    userVO.setId(userDO.getId());
    ...
    userVOList.add(userVO);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 2.3.采用Lambda表达式替换内部匿名类

对于大多数刚接触JDK8的同学来说,都会认为Lambda表达式就是匿名内部类的语法糖。实际上, Lambda表达式在大多数虚拟机中采用invokeDynamic指令实现,相对于匿名内部类在效率上会更高一些。

**反例:**

```
List<User> userList = ...;
Collections.sort(userList, new Comparator<User>() {
    @Override
    public int compare(User user1, User user2) {
        Long userId1 = user1.getId();
        Long userId2 = user2.getId();
        ...
        return userId1.compareTo(userId2);
    }
});
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<User> userList = ...;
Collections.sort(userList, (user1, user2) -> {
    Long userId1 = user1.getId();
    Long userId2 = user2.getId();
    ...
    return userId1.compareTo(userId2);
});
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 2.4.尽量避免定义不必要的子类

多一个类就需要多一份类加载,所以尽量避免定义不必要的子类。

**反例:**

```
public static final Map<String, Class> CLASS_MAP =
    Collections.unmodifiableMap(new HashMap<String, Class>(16) {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
    {
        put("VARCHAR", java.lang.String.class);
    }
});
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public static final Map<String, Class> CLASS_MAP;
static {
    Map<String, Class> classMap = new HashMap<>(16);
    classMap.put("VARCHAR", java.lang.String.class);
    ...
    CLASS_MAP = Collections.unmodifiableMap(classMap);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 2.5.尽量指定类的final修饰符

为类指定final修饰符,可以让该类不可以被继承。如果指定了一个类为final,则该类所有的方法都是final的,Java编译器会寻找机会内联所有的final方法。内联对于提升Java运行效率作用重大,具体可参见Java运行期优化,能够使性能平均提高50%。

**反例:**

```
public class DateHelper {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public final class DateHelper {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**注意:**使用Spring的AOP特性时,需要对Bean进行动态代理,如果Bean类添加了final修饰,会导致异常。

3.方法
----

### 3.1.把跟类成员变量无关的方法声明成静态方法

静态方法的好处就是不用生成类的实例就可以直接调用。静态方法不再属于某个对象,而是属于它所在的类。只需要通过其类名就可以访问,不需要再消耗资源去反复创建对象。即便在类内部的私有方法,如果没有使用到类成员变量,也应该声明为静态方法。

**反例:**

```
public int getMonth(Date date) {
    Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
    calendar.setTime(date);
    return calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1;
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public static int getMonth(Date date) {
    Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
    calendar.setTime(date);
    return calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1;
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 3.2.尽量使用基本数据类型作为方法参数类型,避免不必要的装箱、拆箱和空指针判断

**反例:**

```
public static double sum(Double value1, Double value2) {
    double double1 = Objects.isNull(value1) ? 0.0D : value1;
    double double2 = Objects.isNull(value2) ? 0.0D : value2;
    return double1 + double2;
}
double result = sum(1.0D, 2.0D);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public static double sum(double value1, double value2) {
    return value1 + value2;
}
double result = sum(1.0D, 2.0D);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 3.3.尽量使用基本数据类型作为方法返回值类型,避免不必要的装箱、拆箱和空指针判断

在JDK类库的方法中,很多方法返回值都采用了基本数据类型,首先是为了避免不必要的装箱和拆箱,其次是为了避免返回值的空指针判断。比如:Collection.isEmpty()和Map.size()。

**反例:**

```
public static Boolean isValid(UserDO user) {
    if (Objects.isNull(user)) {
        return false;
    }
    return Boolean.TRUE.equals(user.getIsValid());
}

// 调用代码
UserDO user = ...;
Boolean isValid = isValid(user);
if (Objects.nonNull(isValid) && isValid.booleanValue()) {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public static boolean isValid(UserDO user) {
    if (Objects.isNull(user)) {
        return false;
    }
    return Boolean.TRUE.equals(user.getIsValid());
}

// 调用代码
UserDO user = ...;
if (isValid(user)) {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 3.4.协议方法参数值非空,避免不必要的空指针判断

协议编程,可以@NonNull和@Nullable标注参数,是否遵循全凭调用者自觉。

**反例:**

```
public static boolean isValid(UserDO user) {
    if (Objects.isNull(user)) {
        return false;
    }
    return Boolean.TRUE.equals(user.getIsValid());
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public static boolean isValid(@NonNull UserDO user) {
    return Boolean.TRUE.equals(user.getIsValid());
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 3.5.协议方法返回值非空,避免不必要的空指针判断

协议编程,可以@NonNull和@Nullable标注参数,是否遵循全凭实现者自觉。

**反例:**

```
// 定义接口
public interface OrderService {
    public List<OrderVO> queryUserOrder(Long userId);
}

// 调用代码
List<OrderVO> orderList = orderService.queryUserOrder(userId);
if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(orderList)) {
    for (OrderVO order : orderList) {
        ...
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
// 定义接口
public interface OrderService {
    @NonNull
    public List<OrderVO> queryUserOrder(Long userId);
}

// 调用代码
List<OrderVO> orderList = orderService.queryUserOrder(userId);
for (OrderVO order : orderList) {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 3.6.被调用方法已支持判空处理,调用方法无需再进行判空处理

**反例:**

```
UserDO user = null;
if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(value)) {
    user = JSON.parseObject(value, UserDO.class);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
UserDO user = JSON.parseObject(value, UserDO.class);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 3.7.尽量避免不必要的函数封装

方法调用会引起入栈和出栈,导致消耗更多的CPU和内存,应当尽量避免不必要的函数封装。当然,为了使代码更简洁、更清晰、更易维护,增加一定的方法调用所带来的性能损耗是值得的。

**反例:**

```
// 函数封装
public static boolean isVip(Boolean isVip) {
    return Boolean.TRUE.equals(isVip);
}

// 使用代码
boolean isVip = isVip(user.getVip());
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
boolean isVip = Boolean.TRUE.equals(user.getVip());
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 3.8.尽量指定方法的final修饰符

方法指定final修饰符,可以让方法不可以被重写,Java编译器会寻找机会内联所有的final方法。内联对于提升Java运行效率作用重大,具体可参见Java运行期优化,能够使性能平均提高50%。

**注意:**所有的private方法会隐式地被指定final修饰符,所以无须再为其指定final修饰符。

**反例:**

```
public class Rectangle {
    ...
    public double area() {
        ...
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public class Rectangle {
    ...
    public final double area() {
        ...
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**注意:**使用Spring的AOP特性时,需要对Bean进行动态代理,如果方法添加了final修饰,将不会被代理。

4.表达式
-----

### 4.1.尽量减少方法的重复调用

**反例:**

```
List<UserDO> userList = ...;
for (int i = 0; i < userList.size(); i++) {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> userList = ...;
int userLength = userList.size();
for (int i = 0; i < userLength; i++) {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 4.2.尽量避免不必要的方法调用

**反例:**

```
List<UserDO> userList = userDAO.queryActive();
if (isAll) {
    userList = userDAO.queryAll();
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> userList;
if (isAll) {
    userList = userDAO.queryAll();
} else {
    userList = userDAO.queryActive();
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 4.3.尽量使用移位来代替正整数乘除

用移位操作可以极大地提高性能。对于乘除2^n(n为正整数)的正整数计算,可以用移位操作来代替。

**反例:**

```
int num1 = a * 4;
int num2 = a / 4;
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
int num1 = a << 2;
int num2 = a >> 2;
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 4.4.提取公共表达式,避免重复计算

提取公共表达式,只计算一次值,然后重复利用值。

**反例:**

```
double distance = Math.sqrt((x2 - x1) * (x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) * (y2 - y1));
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
double dx = x2 - x1;
double dy = y2 - y1;
double distance = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);

double distance = Math.sqrt(Math.pow(x2 - x1, 2) + Math.pow(y2 - y1, 2));
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 4.5.尽量不在条件表达式中用!取反

使用!取反会多一次计算,如果没有必要则优化掉。

**反例:**

```
if (!(a >= 10)) {
    ... // 条件处理1
} else {
    ... // 条件处理2
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
if (a < 10) {
    ... // 条件处理1
} else {
    ... // 条件处理2
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 4.6.对于多常量选择分支,尽量使用switch语句而不是if-else语句

if-else语句,每个if条件语句都要加装计算,直到if条件语句为true为止。switch语句进行了跳转优化,Java中采用tableswitch或lookupswitch指令实现,对于多常量选择分支处理效率更高。经过试验证明:在每个分支出现概率相同的情况下,低于5个分支时if-else语句效率更高,高于5个分支时switch语句效率更高。

**反例:**

```
if (i == 1) {
    ...; // 分支1
} else if (i == 2) {
    ...; // 分支2
} else if (i == ...) {
    ...; // 分支n
} else {
    ...; // 分支n+1
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
switch (i) {
    case 1 :
        ... // 分支1
        break;
    case 2 :
        ... // 分支2
        break;
    case ... :
        ... // 分支n
        break;
    default :
        ... // 分支n+1
        break;
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**备注:**如果业务复杂,可以采用Map实现策略模式。

5.字符串
-----

### 5.1.尽量不要使用正则表达式匹配

正则表达式匹配效率较低,尽量使用字符串匹配操作。

**反例:**

```
String source = "a::1,b::2,c::3,d::4";
String target = source.replaceAll("::", "=");
Stringp[] targets = source.spit("::");
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
String source = "a::1,b::2,c::3,d::4";
String target = source.replace("::", "=");
Stringp[] targets = StringUtils.split(source, "::");
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 5.2.尽量使用字符替换字符串

字符串的长度不确定,而字符的长度固定为1,查找和匹配的效率自然提高了。

**反例:**

```
String source = "a:1,b:2,c:3,d:4";
int index = source.indexOf(":");
String target = source.replace(":", "=");
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
String source = "a:1,b:2,c:3,d:4";
int index = source.indexOf(':');
String target = source.replace(':', '=');
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 5.3.尽量使用StringBuilder进行字符串拼接

String是final类,内容不可修改,所以每次字符串拼接都会生成一个新对象。StringBuilder在初始化时申请了一块内存,以后的字符串拼接都在这块内存中执行,不会申请新内存和生成新对象。

**反例:**

```
String s = "";
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    if (i != 0) {
        s += ',';
    }
    s += i;
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(128);
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    if (i != 0) {
        sb.append(',');
    }
    sb.append(i);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 5.4.不要使用""+转化字符串

使用""+进行字符串转化,使用方便但是效率低,建议使用String.valueOf.

**反例:**

```
int i = 12345;
String s = "" + i;
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
int i = 12345;
String s = String.valueOf(i);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

6.数组
----

### 6.1.不要使用循环拷贝数组,尽量使用System.arraycopy拷贝数组

推荐使用System.arraycopy拷贝数组,也可以使用Arrays.copyOf拷贝数组。

**反例:**

```
int[] sources = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int[] targets = new int[sources.length];
for (int i = 0; i < targets.length; i++) {
    targets[i] = sources[i];
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
int[] sources = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int[] targets = new int[sources.length];
System.arraycopy(sources, 0, targets, 0, targets.length);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 6.2.集合转化为类型T数组时,尽量传入空数组T\[0\]

将集合转换为数组有2种形式:toArray(new T\[n\])和toArray(new T\[0\])。在旧的Java版本中,建议使用toArray(new T\[n\]),因为创建数组时所需的反射调用非常慢。在OpenJDK6后,反射调用是内在的,使得性能得以提高,toArray(new T\[0\])比toArray(new T\[n\])效率更高。此外,toArray(new T\[n\])比toArray(new T\[0\])多获取一次列表大小,如果计算列表大小耗时过长,也会导致toArray(new T\[n\])效率降低。

**反例:**

```
List<Integer> integerList = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...);
Integer[] integers = integerList.toArray(new Integer[integerList.size()]);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<Integer> integerList = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...);
Integer[] integers = integerList.toArray(new Integer[0]); // 勿用new Integer[]{}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**建议:**集合应该提供一个toArray(Class<T> clazz)方法,避免无用的空数组初始化(new T\[0\])。

### 6.3.集合转化为Object数组时,尽量使用toArray()方法

转化Object数组时,没有必要使用toArray\[new Object\[0\]\],可以直接使用toArray()。避免了类型的判断,也避免了空数组的申请,所以效率会更高。

**反例:**

```
List<Object> objectList = Arrays.asList(1, "2", 3, "4", 5, ...);
Object[] objects = objectList.toArray(new Object[0]);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<Object> objectList = Arrays.asList(1, "2", 3, "4", 5, ...);
Object[] objects = objectList.toArray();
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

7.集合
----

### 7.1.初始化集合时,尽量指定集合大小

Java集合初始化时都会指定一个默认大小,当默认大小不再满足数据需求时就会扩容,每次扩容的时间复杂度有可能是O(n)。所以,尽量指定预知的集合大小,就能避免或减少集合的扩容次数。

**反例:**

```
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
Set<Long> userSet = new HashSet<>();
Map<Long, UserDO> userMap = new HashMap<>();
List<UserVO> userList = new ArrayList<>();
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    userSet.add(userDO.getId());
    userMap.put(userDO.getId(), userDO);
    userList.add(transUser(userDO));
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
int userSize = userDOList.size();
Set<Long> userSet = new HashSet<>(userSize);
Map<Long, UserDO> userMap = new HashMap<>((int) Math.ceil(userSize * 4.0 / 3));
List<UserVO> userList = new ArrayList<>(userSize);
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    userSet.add(userDO.getId());
    userMap.put(userDO.getId(), userDO);
    userList.add(transUser(userDO));
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 7.2.不要使用循环拷贝集合,尽量使用JDK提供的方法拷贝集合

JDK提供的方法可以一步指定集合的容量,避免多次扩容浪费时间和空间。同时,这些方法的底层也是调用System.arraycopy方法实现,进行数据的批量拷贝效率更高。

**反例:**

```
List<UserDO> user1List = ...;
List<UserDO> user2List = ...;
List<UserDO> userList = new ArrayList<>(user1List.size() + user2List.size());
for (UserDO user1 : user1List) {
    userList.add(user1);
}
for (UserDO user2 : user2List) {
    userList.add(user2);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> user1List = ...;
List<UserDO> user2List = ...;
List<UserDO> userList = new ArrayList<>(user1List.size() + user2List.size());
userList.addAll(user1List);
userList.addAll(user2List);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 7.3.尽量使用Arrays.asList转化数组为列表

原理与"不要使用循环拷贝集合,尽量使用JDK提供的方法拷贝集合"类似。

**反例:**

```
List<String> typeList = new ArrayList<>(8);
typeList.add("Short");
typeList.add("Integer");
typeList.add("Long");

String[] names = ...;
List<String> nameList = ...;
for (String name : names) {
    nameList.add(name);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<String> typeList = Arrays.asList("Short", "Integer", "Long");

String[] names = ...;
List<String> nameList = ...;
nameList.addAll(Arrays.asList(names));
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 7.4.直接迭代需要使用的集合

直接迭代需要使用的集合,无需通过其它操作获取数据。

**反例:**

```
Map<Long, UserDO> userMap = ...;
for (Long userId : userMap.keySet()) {
    UserDO user = userMap.get(userId);
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
Map<Long, UserDO> userMap = ...;
for (Map.Entry<Long, UserDO> userEntry : userMap.entrySet()) {
    Long userId = userEntry.getKey();
    UserDO user = userEntry.getValue();
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 7.5.不要使用size方法检测空,必须使用isEmpty方法检测空

使用size方法来检测空逻辑上没有问题,但使用isEmpty方法使得代码更易读,并且可以获得更好的性能。任何isEmpty方法实现的时间复杂度都是O(1),但是某些size方法实现的时间复杂度有可能是O(n)。

**反例:**

```
List<UserDO> userList = ...;
if (userList.size() == 0) {
    ...
}
Map<Long, UserDO> userMap = ...;
if (userMap.size() == 0) {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
List<UserDO> userList = ...;
if (userList.isEmpty()) {
    ...
}
Map<Long, UserDO> userMap = ...;
if (userMap.isEmpty()) {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 7.6.非随机访问的List,尽量使用迭代代替随机访问

对于列表,可分为随机访问和非随机访问两类,可以用是否实现RandomAccess接口判断。随机访问列表,直接通过get获取数据不影响效率。而非随机访问列表,通过get获取数据效率极低。

**反例:**

```
LinkedList<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
int size = userDOList.size();
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
    UserDO userDO = userDOList.get(i);
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
LinkedList<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

其实,不管列表支不支持随机访问,都应该使用迭代进行遍历。

### 7.7.尽量使用HashSet判断值存在

在Java集合类库中,List的contains方法普遍时间复杂度是O(n),而HashSet的时间复杂度为O(1)。如果需要频繁调用contains方法查找数据,可以先将List转换成HashSet。

**反例:**

```
List<Long> adminIdList = ...;
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
List<UserVO> userVOList = new ArrayList<>(userDOList.size());
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    if (adminIdList.contains(userDO.getId())) {
        userVOList.add(transUser(userDO));
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
Set<Long> adminIdSet = ...;
List<UserDO> userDOList = ...;
List<UserVO> userVOList = new ArrayList<>(userDOList.size());
for (UserDO userDO : userDOList) {
    if (adminIdSet.contains(userDO.getId())) {
        userVOList.add(transUser(userDO));
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 7.8.避免先判断存在再进行获取

如果需要先判断存在再进行获取,可以直接获取并判断空,从而避免了二次查找操作。

**反例:**

```
public static UserVO transUser(UserDO user, Map<Long, RoleDO> roleMap) {
    UserVO userVO = new UserVO();
    userVO.setId(user.getId());
    ...
    if (roleMap.contains(user.getRoleId())) {
        RoleDO role = roleMap.get(user.getRoleId());
        userVO.setRole(transRole(role));
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public static UserVO transUser(UserDO user, Map<Long, RoleDO> roleMap) {
    UserVO userVO = new UserVO();
    userVO.setId(user.getId());
    ...
    RoleDO role = roleMap.get(user.getRoleId());
    if (Objects.nonNull(role)) {
        userVO.setRole(transRole(role));
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

8.异常
----

### 8.1.直接捕获对应的异常

直接捕获对应的异常,避免用instanceof判断,效率更高代码更简洁。

**反例:**

```
try {
    saveData();
} catch (Exception e) {
    if (e instanceof IOException) {
        log.error("保存数据IO异常", e);
    } else {
        log.error("保存数据其它异常", e);
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
try {
    saveData();
} catch (IOException e) {
    log.error("保存数据IO异常", e);
} catch (Exception e) {
    log.error("保存数据其它异常", e);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 8.2.尽量避免在循环中捕获异常

当循环体抛出异常后,无需循环继续执行时,没有必要在循环体中捕获异常。因为,过多的捕获异常会降低程序执行效率。

**反例:**

```
public Double sum(List<String> valueList) {
    double sum = 0.0D;
    for (String value : valueList) {
        try {
            sum += Double.parseDouble(value);
        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
            return null;
        }
    }
    return sum;
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public Double sum(List<String> valueList) {
    double sum = 0.0D;
    try {
        for (String value : valueList) {
            sum += Double.parseDouble(value);
        }
    } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
        return null;
    }
    return sum;
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 8.3.禁止使用异常控制业务流程

相对于条件表达式,异常的处理效率更低。

**反例:**

```
public static boolean isValid(UserDO user) {
    try {
        return Boolean.TRUE.equals(user.getIsValid());
    } catch(NullPointerException e) {
        return false;
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
public static boolean isValid(UserDO user) {
    if (Objects.isNull(user)) {
        return false;
    }
    return Boolean.TRUE.equals(user.getIsValid());
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

9.缓冲区
-----

### 9.1.初始化时尽量指定缓冲区大小

初始化时,指定缓冲区的预期容量大小,避免多次扩容浪费时间和空间。

**反例:**

```
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer(1024);
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(1024);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 9.2.尽量重复使用同一缓冲区

针对缓冲区,Java虚拟机需要花时间生成对象,还要花时间进行垃圾回收处理。所以,尽量重复利用缓冲区。

**反例:**

```
StringBuilder builder1 = new StringBuilder(128);
builder1.append("update t_user set name = '").append(userName).append("' where id = ").append(userId);
statement.executeUpdate(builder1.toString());
StringBuilder builder2 = new StringBuilder(128);
builder2.append("select id, name from t_user where id = ").append(userId);
ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery(builder2.toString());
...
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(128);
builder.append("update t_user set name = '").append(userName).append("' where id = ").append(userId);
statement.executeUpdate(builder.toString());
builder.setLength(0);
builder.append("select id, name from t_user where id = ").append(userId);
ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery(builder.toString());
...
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

其中,使用setLength方法让缓冲区重新从0开始。

### 9.3.尽量设计使用同一缓冲区

为了提高程序运行效率,在设计上尽量使用同一缓冲区。

**反例:**

```
// 转化XML(UserDO)
public static String toXml(UserDO user) {
    StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(128);
    builder.append("<UserDO>");
    builder.append(toXml(user.getId()));
    builder.append(toXml(user.getName()));
    builder.append(toXml(user.getRole()));
    builder.append("</UserDO>");
    return builder.toString();
}
// 转化XML(Long)
public static String toXml(Long value) {
    StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(128);
    builder.append("<Long>");
    builder.append(value);
    builder.append("</Long>");
    return builder.toString();
}
...

// 使用代码
UserDO user = ...;
String xml = toXml(user);
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
// 转化XML(UserDO)
public static void toXml(StringBuilder builder, UserDO user) {
    builder.append("<UserDO>");
    toXml(builder, user.getId());
    toXml(builder, user.getName());
    toXml(builder, user.getRole());
    builder.append("</UserDO>");
}
// 转化XML(Long)
public static void toXml(StringBuilder builder, Long value) {
    builder.append("<Long>");
    builder.append(value);
    builder.append("</Long>");
}
...

// 使用代码
UserDO user = ...;
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(1024);
toXml(builder, user);
String xml = builder.toString();
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

去掉每个转化方法中的缓冲区申请,申请一个缓冲区给每个转化方法使用。从时间上来说,节约了大量缓冲区的申请释放时间;从空间上来说,节约了大量缓冲区的临时存储空间。

### 9.4.尽量使用缓冲流减少IO操作

使用缓冲流BufferedReader、BufferedWriter、BufferedInputStream、BufferedOutputStream等,可以大幅减少IO次数并提升IO速度。

**反例:**

```
try (FileInputStream input = new FileInputStream("a");
    FileOutputStream output = new FileOutputStream("b")) {
    int size = 0;
    byte[] temp = new byte[1024];
    while ((size = input.read(temp)) != -1) {
        output.write(temp, 0, size);
    }
} catch (IOException e) {
    log.error("复制文件异常", e);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
try (BufferedInputStream input = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream("a"));
    BufferedOutputStream output = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("b"))) {
    int size = 0;
    byte[] temp = new byte[1024];
    while ((size = input.read(temp)) != -1) {
        output.write(temp, 0, size);
    }
} catch (IOException e) {
    log.error("复制文件异常", e);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

其中,可以根据实际情况手动指定缓冲流的大小,把缓冲流的缓冲作用发挥到最大。

10.线程
-----

### 10.1.在单线程中,尽量使用非线程安全类

使用非线程安全类,避免了不必要的同步开销。

**反例:**

```
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer(128);
buffer.append("select * from ").append(T_USER).append(" where id = ?");
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder(128);
buffer.append("select * from ").append(T_USER).append(" where id = ?");
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 10.2.在多线程中,尽量使用线程安全类

使用线程安全类,比自己实现的同步代码更简洁更高效。

**反例:**

```
private volatile int counter = 0;
public void access(Long userId) {
    synchronized (this) {
        counter++;
    }
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
private final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(0);
public void access(Long userId) {
    counter.incrementAndGet();
    ...
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 10.3.尽量减少同步代码块范围

在一个方法中,可能只有一小部分的逻辑是需要同步控制的,如果同步控制了整个方法会影响执行效率。所以,尽量减少同步代码块的范围,只对需要进行同步的代码进行同步。

**反例:**

```
private volatile int counter = 0;
public synchronized void access(Long userId) {
    counter++;
    ... // 非同步操作
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
private volatile int counter = 0;
public void access(Long userId) {
    synchronized (this) {
        counter++;
    }
    ... // 非同步操作
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 10.4.尽量合并为同一同步代码块

同步代码块是有性能开销的,如果确定可以合并为同一同步代码块,就应该尽量合并为同一同步代码块。

**反例:**

```
// 处理单一订单
public synchronized handleOrder(OrderDO order) {
    ...
}

// 处理所有订单
public void handleOrder(List<OrderDO> orderList) {
    for (OrderDO order : orderList) {
        handleOrder(order);
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
// 处理单一订单
public handleOrder(OrderDO order) {
    ...
}

// 处理所有订单
public synchronized void handleOrder(List<OrderDO> orderList) {
    for (OrderDO order : orderList) {
        handleOrder(order);
    }
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

### 10.5.尽量使用线程池减少线程开销

多线程中两个必要的开销:线程的创建和上下文切换。采用线程池,可以尽量地避免这些开销。

**反例:**

```
public void executeTask(Runnable runnable) {
    new Thread(runnable).start();
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

**正例:**

```
private static final ExecutorService EXECUTOR_SERVICE = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
public void executeTask(Runnable runnable) {
    executorService.execute(runnable);
}
```

![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)![](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== "点击并拖拽以移动")

后记
--

作为一名长期奋战在业务一线的"IT民工",没有机会去研究什么高深莫测的"理论",只能专注于眼前看得见摸得着的"技术",致力于做到"干一行、爱一行、专一行、精一行"。

 

 

[原文链接](https://yq.aliyun.com/articles/739987?utm_content=g_1000096927)

本文为阿里云内容,未经允许不得转载。
后记
--

作为一名长期奋战在业务一线的"IT民工",没有机会去研究什么高深莫测的"理论",只能专注于眼前看得见摸得着的"技术",致力于做到"干一行、爱一行、专一行、精一行"。

 

 

[原文链接](https://yq.aliyun.com/articles/739987?utm_content=g_1000096927)

本文为阿里云内容,未经允许不得转载。
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