tomcat源码分析系列之启动

       对于tomcat这么一个庞大的东西，要去分析它，一开始有种不知从和入手好，原因如下：可切入的点太多了，随便捡个角落都能说半天，但是任何一个东西都不是孤立存在的，要说清楚一个东西，必定会引入其他的东西，这样错综复杂，要把一个点介绍完整，终究不是件容易的事情。

        既然无从入手，我们就按平时的使用过程来介绍吧，从启动开始，一步一步的展开我们的旅程。当我们从启动开始，逐步往下行进，最后回到停止时，我们的旅程也就结束了。

        好吧，开始吧！

        我们一般都是通过运行tomcat/bin下的startup.bat（或者startup.sh）来启动tomcat的，startup.bat脚本的执行不是我们分析的重点，在此简单带过。在startup里会调用catalina脚本，在catalina里运行bootstrap.jar,而bootstrap.jar的启动类是org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap，这是一个普通的java类，我们看看它的main方法 :

public static void main(String args[]) {

        if (daemon == null) {
            // Don't set daemon until init() has completed
            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
            try {
                bootstrap.init();
            } catch (Throwable t) {
                handleThrowable(t);
                t.printStackTrace();
                return;
            }
            daemon = bootstrap;
        }

        try {
            String command = "start";
            if (args.length > 0) {
                command = args[args.length - 1];
            }

            if (command.equals("startd")) {
                args[args.length - 1] = "start";
                daemon.load(args);
                daemon.start();
            } else if (command.equals("stopd")) {
                args[args.length - 1] = "stop";
                daemon.stop();
            } else if (command.equals("start")) {
                daemon.setAwait(true);
                daemon.load(args);
                daemon.start();
            } else if (command.equals("stop")) {
                daemon.stopServer(args);
            } else if (command.equals("configtest")) {
                daemon.load(args);
                if (null==daemon.getServer()) {
                    System.exit(1);
                }
                System.exit(0);
            } else {
                log.warn("Bootstrap: command \"" + command + "\" does not exist.");
            }
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            handleThrowable(t);
            // Unwrap the Exception for clearer error reporting
            if (t instanceof InvocationTargetException &&
                    t.getCause() != null) {
                t = t.getCause();
            }
            t.printStackTrace();
            System.exit(1);
        }

    }

    第一次运行生成一个BootStrap的实例，调用bootstrap.init();我们看看这个init方法主要做了一下几件事：

    1）初始化classLoader

    2）将catalinaClassLoader设置为当前上下文classLoader和安全了classLoader

    3）生成一个org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina的实例

    4）设置 Catalina的实例 的parentClassLoader为java.lang.ClassLoader

    /**
     * Initialize daemon.
     */
    public void init() throws Exception {
      
        // Set Catalina path
        setCatalinaHome();//如果没有设置catalina.home，就将当前目录复制给catalina.home
        setCatalinaBase();//如果没有设置catalina.base，就将当前目录复制给catalina.base

        /* 
         *初始化了3个classLoader：commonLoader，catalinaLoader，sharedLoader
         */
        initClassLoaders();

        Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(catalinaLoader);

        SecurityClassLoad.securityClassLoad(catalinaLoader);

        // Load our startup class and call its process() method
        if (log.isDebugEnabled())
            log.debug("Loading startup class");
        Class<?> startupClass =
            catalinaLoader.loadClass
            ("org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina");
        Object startupInstance = startupClass.newInstance();

        // Set the shared extensions class loader
        if (log.isDebugEnabled())
            log.debug("Setting startup class properties");
        String methodName = "setParentClassLoader";
        Class<?> paramTypes[] = new Class[1];
        paramTypes[0] = Class.forName("java.lang.ClassLoader");
        Object paramValues[] = new Object[1];
        paramValues[0] = sharedLoader;
        Method method =
            startupInstance.getClass().getMethod(methodName, paramTypes);
        method.invoke(startupInstance, paramValues);

        catalinaDaemon = startupInstance;

    }

     我们有必要看一下initClassLoaders();方法 ：

private void initClassLoaders() {
        try {
            commonLoader = createClassLoader("common", null);
            if( commonLoader == null ) {
                // no config file, default to this loader - we might be in a 'single' env.
                commonLoader=this.getClass().getClassLoader();
            }
            catalinaLoader = createClassLoader("server", commonLoader);
            sharedLoader = createClassLoader("shared", commonLoader);
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            handleThrowable(t);
            log.error("Class loader creation threw exception", t);
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

private ClassLoader createClassLoader(String name, ClassLoader parent)
        throws Exception {

        String value = CatalinaProperties.getProperty(name + ".loader");
        if ((value == null) || (value.equals("")))
            return parent;

        value = replace(value);

        List<Repository> repositories = new ArrayList<Repository>();

        StringTokenizer tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(value, ",");
        while (tokenizer.hasMoreElements()) {
            String repository = tokenizer.nextToken().trim();
            if (repository.length() == 0) {
                continue;
            }

            // Check for a JAR URL repository
            try {
                @SuppressWarnings("unused")
                URL url = new URL(repository);
                repositories.add(
                        new Repository(repository, RepositoryType.URL));
                continue;
            } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
                // Ignore
            }

            // Local repository
            if (repository.endsWith("*.jar")) {
                repository = repository.substring
                    (0, repository.length() - "*.jar".length());
                repositories.add(
                        new Repository(repository, RepositoryType.GLOB));
            } else if (repository.endsWith(".jar")) {
                repositories.add(
                        new Repository(repository, RepositoryType.JAR));
            } else {
                repositories.add(
                        new Repository(repository, RepositoryType.DIR));
            }
        }

        ClassLoader classLoader = ClassLoaderFactory.createClassLoader
            (repositories, parent);

        // Retrieving MBean server
        MBeanServer mBeanServer = null;
        if (MBeanServerFactory.findMBeanServer(null).size() > 0) {
            mBeanServer = MBeanServerFactory.findMBeanServer(null).get(0);
        } else {
            mBeanServer = ManagementFactory.getPlatformMBeanServer();
        }

        // Register the server classloader
        ObjectName objectName =
            new ObjectName("Catalina:type=ServerClassLoader,name=" + name);
        mBeanServer.registerMBean(classLoader, objectName);

        return classLoader;

    }

    实际上 initClassLoaders构造了三个 classLoader：commonClassLoader，catalinaClassLoader，sharedClassLoder，他们各自负责加载的类在配置文件 /conf/catalina.properties文件里定义了 。

common.loader=${catalina.home}/common/classes,${catalina.home}/common/i18n/*.jar,${catalina.home}/common/endorsed/*.jar,${catalina.home}/common/lib/*.jar 

commonClassLoader主要负责一些基础依赖类和jar包的加载

server.loader=${catalina.home}/server/classes,${catalina.home}/server/lib/*.jar

 

catalinaClassLoader主要负责tomcat自身的一些类和jar加载

shared.loader=${catalina.base}/shared/classes,${catalina.base}/shared/lib/*.jar

 

sharedClassLoder 主要负责一些共享类和jar包的加载

commonClassLoader作为catalinaClassLoader和sharedClassLoder的父加载类。上面说过catalinaClassLoader作为当前上下文classLoader也就是说，后续没有什么意外的话，运用程序的类都是用catalinaClassLoader来加载的。

        当做完这几个初始化动作后，main方法里接着就来解析命令了：

 

String command = "start";
            if (args.length > 0) {
                command = args[args.length - 1];
            }

            if (command.equals("startd")) {
                args[args.length - 1] = "start";
                daemon.load(args);
                daemon.start();
            } else if (command.equals("stopd")) {
                args[args.length - 1] = "stop";
                daemon.stop();
            } else if (command.equals("start")) {
                daemon.setAwait(true);
                daemon.load(args);
                daemon.start();
            } else if (command.equals("stop")) {
                daemon.stopServer(args);
            } else if (command.equals("configtest")) {
                daemon.load(args);
                if (null==daemon.getServer()) {
                    System.exit(1);
                }
                System.exit(0);
            } else {
                log.warn("Bootstrap: command \"" + command + "\" does not exist.");
            }

   startd命令执行动作： daemon.load(args),实际上就是执行Catalina的load方法，代码如下：

/**
     * Load daemon.
     */
    private void load(String[] arguments)
        throws Exception {

        // Call the load() method
        String methodName = "load";
        Object param[];
        Class<?> paramTypes[];
        if (arguments==null || arguments.length==0) {
            paramTypes = null;
            param = null;
        } else {
            paramTypes = new Class[1];
            paramTypes[0] = arguments.getClass();
            param = new Object[1];
            param[0] = arguments;
        }
        Method method =
            catalinaDaemon.getClass().getMethod(methodName, paramTypes);
        if (log.isDebugEnabled())
            log.debug("Calling startup class " + method);
        method.invoke(catalinaDaemon, param);

    }

    我们看看Catalina 的load 做了什么工作：

 

public void load() {

        long t1 = System.nanoTime();

        initDirs();//初始化几个目录

        // Before digester - it may be needed

        initNaming();//初始化几个跟naming相关的变量
        //Digester是干嘛的？它就是用来解析xml的，
        //从其代码来看，个人感觉createStartDigester方法写得还是比较笨拙，不过这样的好处是代码一目了然
        //好吧，就到这吧，不想太深入的介入 Digester，我们只要对它有个印象就可以了。
        //在这里它主要定义了server.xml 文件的解析规则
        // Create and execute our Digester
        Digester digester = createStartDigester();

        InputSource inputSource = null;
        InputStream inputStream = null;
        File file = null;
        try {
            file = configFile();
            inputStream = new FileInputStream(file);
            inputSource = new InputSource("file://" + file.getAbsolutePath());
        } catch (Exception e) {
            if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
                log.debug(sm.getString("catalina.configFail", file), e);
            }
        }
        if (inputStream == null) {
            try {
                inputStream = getClass().getClassLoader()
                    .getResourceAsStream(getConfigFile());
                inputSource = new InputSource
                    (getClass().getClassLoader()
                     .getResource(getConfigFile()).toString());
            } catch (Exception e) {
                if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
                    log.debug(sm.getString("catalina.configFail",
                            getConfigFile()), e);
                }
            }
        }

        // This should be included in catalina.jar
        // Alternative: don't bother with xml, just create it manually.
        if( inputStream==null ) {
            try {
                inputStream = getClass().getClassLoader()
                        .getResourceAsStream("server-embed.xml");
                inputSource = new InputSource
                (getClass().getClassLoader()
                        .getResource("server-embed.xml").toString());
            } catch (Exception e) {
                if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
                    log.debug(sm.getString("catalina.configFail",
                            "server-embed.xml"), e);
                }
            }
        }


        if (inputStream == null || inputSource == null) {
            if  (file == null) {
                log.warn(sm.getString("catalina.configFail",
                        getConfigFile() + "] or [server-embed.xml]"));
            } else {
                log.warn(sm.getString("catalina.configFail",
                        file.getAbsolutePath()));
                if (file.exists() && !file.canRead()) {
                    log.warn("Permissions incorrect, read permission is not allowed on the file.");
                }
            }
            return;
        }

        try {
            inputSource.setByteStream(inputStream);
            digester.push(this);
            digester.parse(inputSource);
            inputStream.close();
        } catch (SAXParseException spe) {
            log.warn("Catalina.start using " + getConfigFile() + ": " +
                    spe.getMessage());
            return;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.warn("Catalina.start using " + getConfigFile() + ": " , e);
            return;
        }
        //到上面为止就是加载并解析了server.xml文件
        getServer().setCatalina(this);

        // Stream redirection
        initStreams();

        // Start the new server
        try {
            getServer().init();
        } catch (LifecycleException e) {
            if (Boolean.getBoolean("org.apache.catalina.startup.EXIT_ON_INIT_FAILURE"))
                throw new java.lang.Error(e);
            else
                log.error("Catalina.start", e);

        }

        long t2 = System.nanoTime();
        if(log.isInfoEnabled())
            log.info("Initialization processed in " + ((t2 - t1) / 1000000) + " ms");

    }

   上面主要就是加载并解析了server.xml文件，初始化了server。

    我们看一下tomcat按什么规则去解析server.xml：

 protected Digester createStartDigester() {
        long t1=System.currentTimeMillis();
        // Initialize the digester
        Digester digester = new Digester();
        digester.setValidating(false);
        digester.setRulesValidation(true);
        HashMap<Class<?>, List<String>> fakeAttributes =
            new HashMap<Class<?>, List<String>>();
        ArrayList<String> attrs = new ArrayList<String>();
        attrs.add("className");
        fakeAttributes.put(Object.class, attrs);
        digester.setFakeAttributes(fakeAttributes);
        digester.setClassLoader(StandardServer.class.getClassLoader());

        // Configure the actions we will be using
        digester.addObjectCreate("Server",
                                 "org.apache.catalina.core.StandardServer",
                                 "className");
        digester.addSetProperties("Server");
        digester.addSetNext("Server",
                            "setServer",
                            "org.apache.catalina.Server");

        digester.addObjectCreate("Server/GlobalNamingResources",
                                 "org.apache.catalina.deploy.NamingResources");
        digester.addSetProperties("Server/GlobalNamingResources");
        digester.addSetNext("Server/GlobalNamingResources",
                            "setGlobalNamingResources",
                            "org.apache.catalina.deploy.NamingResources");

        digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Listener",
                                 null, // MUST be specified in the element
                                 "className");
        digester.addSetProperties("Server/Listener");
        digester.addSetNext("Server/Listener",
                            "addLifecycleListener",
                            "org.apache.catalina.LifecycleListener");

        digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Service",
                                 "org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService",
                                 "className");
        digester.addSetProperties("Server/Service");
        digester.addSetNext("Server/Service",
                            "addService",
                            "org.apache.catalina.Service");

        digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Service/Listener",
                                 null, // MUST be specified in the element
                                 "className");
        digester.addSetProperties("Server/Service/Listener");
        digester.addSetNext("Server/Service/Listener",
                            "addLifecycleListener",
                            "org.apache.catalina.LifecycleListener");

        //Executor
        digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Service/Executor",
                         "org.apache.catalina.core.StandardThreadExecutor",
                         "className");
        digester.addSetProperties("Server/Service/Executor");

        digester.addSetNext("Server/Service/Executor",
                            "addExecutor",
                            "org.apache.catalina.Executor");


        digester.addRule("Server/Service/Connector",
                         new ConnectorCreateRule());
        digester.addRule("Server/Service/Connector",
                         new SetAllPropertiesRule(new String[]{"executor"}));
        digester.addSetNext("Server/Service/Connector",
                            "addConnector",
                            "org.apache.catalina.connector.Connector");


        digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Service/Connector/Listener",
                                 null, // MUST be specified in the element
                                 "className");
        digester.addSetProperties("Server/Service/Connector/Listener");
        digester.addSetNext("Server/Service/Connector/Listener",
                            "addLifecycleListener",
                            "org.apache.catalina.LifecycleListener");

        // Add RuleSets for nested elements
        digester.addRuleSet(new NamingRuleSet("Server/GlobalNamingResources/"));
        digester.addRuleSet(new EngineRuleSet("Server/Service/"));
        digester.addRuleSet(new HostRuleSet("Server/Service/Engine/"));
        digester.addRuleSet(new ContextRuleSet("Server/Service/Engine/Host/"));
        digester.addRuleSet(new ClusterRuleSet("Server/Service/Engine/Host/Cluster/"));
        digester.addRuleSet(new NamingRuleSet("Server/Service/Engine/Host/Context/"));

        // When the 'engine' is found, set the parentClassLoader.
        digester.addRule("Server/Service/Engine",
                         new SetParentClassLoaderRule(parentClassLoader));
        digester.addRuleSet(new ClusterRuleSet("Server/Service/Engine/Cluster/"));

        long t2=System.currentTimeMillis();
        if (log.isDebugEnabled())
            log.debug("Digester for server.xml created " + ( t2-t1 ));
        return (digester);

    }

 

   接下来我们回到main函数里的daemon.start();Bootstrap的方法：

 

public void start()
        throws Exception {
        if( catalinaDaemon==null ) init();

        Method method = catalinaDaemon.getClass().getMethod("start", (Class [] )null);
        method.invoke(catalinaDaemon, (Object [])null);

    }

   我们看到，实际上就是调用了Catalina的start()方法。

 

 public void start() {

        if (getServer() == null) {
            load();
        }

        if (getServer() == null) {
            log.fatal("Cannot start server. Server instance is not configured.");
            return;
        }

        long t1 = System.nanoTime();

        // Start the new server
        try {
            getServer().start();
        } catch (LifecycleException e) {
            log.error("Catalina.start: ", e);
        }

        long t2 = System.nanoTime();
        if(log.isInfoEnabled())
            log.info("Server startup in " + ((t2 - t1) / 1000000) + " ms");

        try {
            // Register shutdown hook
            if (useShutdownHook) {
                if (shutdownHook == null) {
                    shutdownHook = new CatalinaShutdownHook();
                }
                Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(shutdownHook);

                // If JULI is being used, disable JULI's shutdown hook since
                // shutdown hooks run in parallel and log messages may be lost
                // if JULI's hook completes before the CatalinaShutdownHook()
                LogManager logManager = LogManager.getLogManager();
                if (logManager instanceof ClassLoaderLogManager) {
                    ((ClassLoaderLogManager) logManager).setUseShutdownHook(
                            false);
                }
            }
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(t);
            // This will fail on JDK 1.2. Ignoring, as Tomcat can run
            // fine without the shutdown hook.
        }

        if (await) {
            await();
            stop();
        }

    }

   在start方法里，调用了LifecycleBase的start()方法 ，然后构造了一个CatalinaShutdownHook实例，在JVM退出时关闭tomcat。CatalinaShutdownHook是Catalina的一个内部类，它的实现很简单：

protected class CatalinaShutdownHook extends Thread {

        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                if (getServer() != null) {
                    Catalina.this.stop();
                }
            } catch (Throwable ex) {
                ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(ex);
                log.error(sm.getString("catalina.shutdownHookFail"), ex);
            } finally {
                // If JULI is used, shut JULI down *after* the server shuts down
                // so log messages aren't lost
                LogManager logManager = LogManager.getLogManager();
                if (logManager instanceof ClassLoaderLogManager) {
                    ((ClassLoaderLogManager) logManager).shutdown();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    就是关闭server。再回去看下LifecycleBase的start()方法：

 

 public final synchronized void start() throws LifecycleException {
        
        if (LifecycleState.STARTING_PREP.equals(state) ||
                LifecycleState.STARTING.equals(state) ||
                LifecycleState.STARTED.equals(state)) {
            
            if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
                Exception e = new LifecycleException();
                log.debug(sm.getString("lifecycleBase.alreadyStarted",
                        toString()), e);
            } else if (log.isInfoEnabled()) {
                log.info(sm.getString("lifecycleBase.alreadyStarted",
                        toString()));
            }
            
            return;
        }
        
        if (state.equals(LifecycleState.NEW)) {
            init();
        } else if (!state.equals(LifecycleState.INITIALIZED) &&
                !state.equals(LifecycleState.STOPPED)) {
            invalidTransition(Lifecycle.BEFORE_START_EVENT);
        }

        setStateInternal(LifecycleState.STARTING_PREP, null, false);

        try {
            startInternal();
        } catch (LifecycleException e) {
            setStateInternal(LifecycleState.FAILED, null, false);
            throw e;
        }

        if (state.equals(LifecycleState.FAILED) ||
                state.equals(LifecycleState.MUST_STOP)) {
            stop();
        } else {
            // Shouldn't be necessary but acts as a check that sub-classes are
            // doing what they are supposed to.
            if (!state.equals(LifecycleState.STARTING)) {
                invalidTransition(Lifecycle.AFTER_START_EVENT);
            }
            
            setStateInternal(LifecycleState.STARTED, null, false);
        }
    }

    这个方法是同步的（synchronized），第一次启动的时候，state的值为NEW，会调用init()方法：

public final synchronized void init() throws LifecycleException {
        if (!state.equals(LifecycleState.NEW)) {
            invalidTransition(Lifecycle.BEFORE_INIT_EVENT);
        }
        setStateInternal(LifecycleState.INITIALIZING, null, false);

        try {
            initInternal();
        } catch (LifecycleException e) {
            setStateInternal(LifecycleState.FAILED, null, false);
            throw e;
        }

        setStateInternal(LifecycleState.INITIALIZED, null, false);
    }

  这个方法主要是注册了Lifecycle的事件监听。

 

   到这里一个server就启动起来了，总结一下，tomcat的启动主要就是设置变量、生成3个类加载器并加载各自负责的类，加载解析配置文件，初始化server、注册监听事件。