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数据设计遵循的三大范式

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三级范式
           第一范式: 如果一个表中没有重复组(即行与列的交叉点上只有一个值,而不是一组值),则这个表属于第一范式(常记成1NF)。

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字段具有原子性,不可再分。所有关系型数据库系统都满足第一范式)数据库表中的字段都是单一属性的,不可再分。例如,姓名字段,其中的姓和名必须作为一个整体,无法区分哪部分是姓,哪部分是名,如果要区分出姓和名,必须设计成两个独立的字段。


简而言之:"每一字段只存储一个值"。例如:职工号,姓名,电话号码组成一个表(一个人可能有一个办公室电话 和一个家里电话号码)
           第二范式:如果一个表属于1NF,任何属性只依赖于关键字,则这个表属于第二范式(常记成2NF )。简而言之:必须先符合
1NF的条件,且每一行都能被唯一的识别。 将1NF转换成2NF的方法是添加主键。学号,课程名,成绩.

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第二范式(2NF)是在第一范式(1NF)的基础上建立起来的,即满足第二范式(2NF)必须先满足第一范式(1NF)。要求数据库表中的每个实例或行必须可以被惟一地区分。通常需要为表加上一个列,以存储各个实例的惟一标识。这个惟一属性列被称为主关键字或主键。第二范式(2NF)要求实体的属性完全依赖于主关键字。所谓完全依赖是指不能存在仅依赖主关键字一部分的属性,如果存在,那么这个属性和主关键字的这一部分应该分离出来形成一个新的实体,新实体与原实体之间是一对多的关系。为实现区分通常需要为表加上一个列,以存储各个实例的惟一标识。简而言之,第二范式就是非主属性非部分依赖于主关键字。


           第三范式:如果一个表属于2NF,且不包含传递依赖性,则这个表是第三范式(常记成3NF)。满足3NF的表中不包含传递依赖。
简而言之:没有一个非关键属性依赖于另一个非关键属性。学号,课程号,成绩,学分学号,姓名,所在系,系名称,系地址.

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Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:普通表格; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} </style> <![endif]-->

   满足第三范式(3NF)必须先满足第二范式(2NF)。简而言之,第三范式(3NF)要求一个数据库表中不包含已在其它表中已包含的非主关键字信息。

 

所以第三范式具有如下特征:

 

1,每一列只有一个值

 

2,每一行都能区分。

 

3,每一个表都不包含其他表已经包含的非主关键字信息。

 

例如,帖子表中只能出现发帖人的 id,而不能出现发帖人的 id,还同时出现发帖人姓名,否则,只要出现同一发帖人 id的所有记录,它们中的姓名部分都必须严格保持一致,这就是数据冗余。

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